| A | B |
|---|
| indicator | substance used to test for the presence of something |
| ingestion | to take food, liquid, or some other substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it |
| digestion | ingested food is converted into simpler, soluble and diffusible substances that can be assimilated by the body. |
| egestion | ingested food is converted into simpler, soluble and diffusible substances that can be assimilated by the body |
| heterotrophic | organism that get energy from food sources |
| autotrophic | organism that obtains energy from sunlight or inorganic substances |
| photosynthesis | process by which organisms use light energy to produce organic compounds |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) organic molecule composed of a base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups that acts as the main energy currency of cells. |
| chloroplast | organelle that uses light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. |
| stomates | A tiny pore on the surface of a leaf or surrounded by a pair of guard cells that regulate its opening and closure, and serves as the site for gas exchange. |
| guard cells | one of a pair of specialized cells that border a stoma |
| chlorophyll | The green pigment found in the chloroplasts of higher plants and in cells of photosynthetic microorganisms (e.g. photosynthetic bacteria), which is primarily involved in absorbing light energy for photosynthesis. |
| nutrients | Food, or any nourishing substance assimilated by an organism, and required for growth, repair, and normal metabolism |
| diffusion | 1. The passive movement of molecules or particles along a concentration gradient, or from regions of higher to regions of lower concentration. |
| osmosis | 1. Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. |
| active transport | A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy |
| artery | A blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body. |
| vein | Blood vessel that returns blood from the microvasculature to the heart, walls thinner and less elastic than those of artery. 2. In leaves, thickened portion of leaf containing vascular bundle, the pattern, venation, is characteristic for each species. |
| capillary | Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid. |
| atria | The thin-walled chambers of the heart that pump blood into the ventricles. Consists of right atrium and left atrium. |
| ventricle | The paired (right and left) more muscular chambers of the heart that pump blood into the pulmonary (right ventricle) and systemic (left ventricle) circulation. |
| plasma | Fluid through which cellular components of blood, lymph, or intramuscular fluid are suspended. |
| red blood cells | Science: haematology) cell specialised for oxygen transport, having a high concentration of haemoglobin in the cytoplasm (and little else). |
| white blood cells | ts primary role involves the body's immune system, protecting the body against invading microorganisms and foreign particles. |
| platelets | aids in blood clotting |
| antibodies | defensive protein released by plasma cells during an immune response |
| antigens | substance that triggers an immune response |
| vaccine | substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity |
| allergy | a reaction by the body's immune system to a harmless antigen |
| pathogen/microbe | disease causing agent |
| viruses | ucleic acid encased in a protein coat that can infect cells and replicate within them |
| bacteria | Single-celled microorganisms which can exist either as independent (free-living) organisms or as parasites (dependent upon another organism for life). |
| parasite | An organism that lives in or on and takes its nourishment from another organism. |
| cellular respiration | process by which living organisms harvest energy in food molecules |
| mitochondria | organelle that produces much of the ATP made by eukaryotic cell |
| leukemia | blood cancer: an often fatal cancer in which white blood cells displace normal blood, leading to infection, shortage of red blood cells anemia, bleeding, and other disorders. |
| hypertension | unusually high blood pressure |
| heart attack | when an area of the heart muscle dies and stops working |
| anemia | condition in which the oxygen-carrying ability of red blood cells is reduced |
| pneumonia | an inflammation of one or both lungs, usually caused by infection from a bacterium or virus |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the mucous membrane in the airways bronchial tubes of the lungs, resulting from infection or irritation and causing breathing problems and severe coughing |
| asthma | a disease of the respiratory system, sometimes caused by allergies, with symptoms including coughing, sudden difficulty in breathing, and a tight feeling in the chest |
| alveoli | a tiny thin-walled air sac found in large numbers in each lung, through which oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood |
| gas exchange | The diffusion of gases from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, especially the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| bronchioles | a narrow tube inside the lungs that branches off the main air passages bronchi |
| larynx | voice box; structure at the upper end of the trachea containing the vocal cords |
| cilia | short hair like structures that protrude from the surface of some eukaryotic cells. |
