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| Psychometrics | Concerned with the developing psychological tests that asses an individual's abilities, skills, beliefs, and personality traits in a wide range of settings- school, industry, or clinic |
| psychometric approach | Measures or quantifies cognitive abilities or factors that are thought to be involved in intellectual performance |
| Spearman's two factor theory | Says that intelligence has two factors: a general mental ability factor, g, which represents what different cognitive tasks have in common, plus many specific factors, s, which include specific mental abilities (mathematical, mechanical, or verbal skills) |
| Gardner's multiple-intelligence theory | Says that instead of one kind of general intelligence, there are atleast nine different kinds, which include verbal intelligence, musical intelligence, logical-mathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, body movement intelligence, intelligence to understand oneself, intelligence to understand others, naturalistic intelligence, and existential intelligence |
| Sternberg's triarchic theory | Says that intelligence can be divided into three different kinds of reasoning processes: first, using analytical or logical thinking skills measured by traditional intelligence tests; second, using problem solving skills that require creative thinking and the ability to learn from experience; third, using practical thinking skills that help a person adjust to, and cope with, his or her sociocultural environment |
| Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale | Contained items arranged in order of increasing difficulty; items measured vocabulary, memory, common knowledge, and other cognitive skills |
| Mental age | A method of estimating a child's intellectual progress by comparing the child's score on an intelligence test to the scores of average children of the same age |
| Intelligence quotient | Computed by dividing a child's mental age (MA), as measured in an intelligence test, by the child's chronological age (CA) and multiplying the result by 100 |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children | Have items that are organized into various subtests |
| Validity | Means that the test measures what it is supposed to measure |
| Reliability | Consistency: a person's score on a test at one point in time should be similar to the score obtained by the same person on a similar test at a later point in time |
| Normal distribution | A statistical arrangement of scores so that they resemble the shape of a bell and, thus, is said to be a bell-shaped curve |
| Bell-shaped curve | The vast majority of scores fall in the middle range, with fewer scores falling near the two extreme ends of the curve |
| Mental retardation | A substantial limitation in present functioning that is characterized by significantly subaverage intellectual functioning, along with related limitations in two of eleven areas, including communication, self-care, home living, social skills, academic skills, leisure, and safety |
| Organic retardation | Results from genetic problems or brain damage |
| Cultural-familial retardation | Results from a greatly impoverished environment; no evidence of genetic or brain damage |
| Moderately gifted child | defined by an IQ score between 130 and 150 |
| Profoundly gifted child | Has an IQ score about 180 or above |
| Cultural bias | Means that the wording of the questions and the experiences on which the questions are based are more familiar to members of some social groups than others |
| Nonintellectual factors | Noncognitive factors, such as attitude, experience, and emotional functioning, that may help or hinder performance on tests |
| Nature-nurture question | Asks how nature- hereditary or genetic factors- interacts with nurture- environmental factors- in the development of a person's intellectual, emotional, personal, and social abilities |
| Fraternal twins | Develop from seperate eggs and have 50% of their genes in common |
| Identical twins | Develop from a single egg and thus have identical genes, which means that they have 100% of their genes in common |
| Heritability | A number that indicates the amount or proportion of some ability, characteristic, or trait that can be attributed to genetic factors (nature) |
| Reaction range | Indicates the extent to which traits, abilities, or IQ scores may increase or decrease as a result of interaction with environmental factors |
| Intervention program | Helps disadvantaged children from low socioeconomic classes to achieve better intellectual, social, and personal-emotional development, as well as physical health |
