| A | B |
|---|
| actin | protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers |
| active site | region of an enzyme where a substrate binds |
| active transport | movement of a substance against a concentration difference; a process that requires energy |
| alimentary canal | one way digestive track that begins at the mouth; includes esophogus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. ends at the anus |
| alveolus | tiny air sac in the lungs appearing tin a grapelike cluster surrounding a network of cappilaries where gas exchange takes place |
| amino acid | molecule of which proteins are made, containing a central carbon bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and another group called an R group |
| amylase | enzyme in saliva that breaks down the chemical bonds in starches, releasing sugars |
| antibiotic | drug or compound that can destroy bacteria |
| antibody | large protein that is the basic functional unit of a specific immune response |
| antigen | monecule that helps stimulate the production of an antibody |
| aorta | largest artery in the human body |
| artery | vessle that carries blood AWAY from the heart |
| artherosclerosis | condition where fatty deposits develop in the inner surfaces of the arteries, obstructing blood flow |
| ATP | energy storing compound in cells |
| atruim | upper chamber of the heart that recieves blood |
| autoimmune disease | condition that results when the immune system attacks it's own cells |
| autonomic nervous system | part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the activities not under consious control |
| axon | single long branched extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries the impule away from the cell body |
| B Cell | lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies |
| bile | lipid and salt fluid produced by the liver to aid digestion |
| biology | the science of life |
| blood | fluid medium of transport of the circulatory system in vertabrates |
| blood pressure | meanure of the force exerted by blood against the walls of arteries |
| bone marrow | blood forming tissue that produces white and red blood cells |
| brain | bundle of nerves and neural connections that controls the nervous system |
| brainstem | structure that connects the brain to the spinal cord. includes the medulla oblongada, and the pons |
| bronchus | one of many tubes that enter the lungs and beancg off, for gas exchange |
| capillary | small blood vessle in which the exchange of nutrients and water takes place |
| carbohydrate | class of macromolecules that includes sugars and starches; source of chemical energy |
| cartiledge | strong, resiliant onnective tissue |
| catalyst | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, without being used up during the reaction |
| cell | smallest working unit of all living things |
| cell body | largest part of a neuron in which metabolic activity takes place |
| cell membrane | part of the cell's outer boundary; contains a lipid bilayer |
| cell theory | principal stating that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the smallest working units of living things, and all cells come from preexisting cells by cell division |
| cell wall | tough porus boundary that lies outside the cell membrane. found in plant cells and come bactera, but not animal |
| centriole | small structure in animal cells that helps to organise microtubules |
| cerebellum | second-largest part of the brain, coordinates movement |
| cerebral cortex | deeply creased surface of the cerebrum |
| cerebrospinal fluid | fluid that fills the space between menengines to cushion the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | largest and most complex structure of the nervous system; consisists of 2 lobes calles hemispheres, controls voulantary activities |
| compact bone | dense layer of hard bone with miniscule spaces for haversian canals |
| compound light microscope | microscope that uses lenses and light to magnify an image |
| covalent bond | attraction between 2 atoms in which elements are shared by 2 atoms |
| cytoplasm | protion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| cytoskeleton | supporting framework of a red blood cell |
| dendrite | any of many small branched extensions of the cell body of a neuron that carry impulses toward the cell body |
| diaphragm | dome shaped organ that pulls th bottom of the chest cavity downward, increasing it's volume, separats the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity |
| diffusion | process by which substances spread through a liquid or gas from regions of high concentration, to regions of low concentration |
| electron | subatomic particle that cerries a negative charge |
| electron microscope | microscope that uses a beam of electrons to examine a specimin |
| enzyme | molecule that serves as a catalyst in organic reactions |
| epiglottis | flap if tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea |
| esophogus | tube through which food passes through the pharynx to the stomach |
| eukaryote | cells that contain nuclei |
| fibrin | netlike trap of plasma protein that forms a blood clot |
| fixed joint | joining place of 2 bones where there is little or no movement. such as the skull |
| flagellum | whiplike projection found on some cells. typically used for movement |
| freely moveable joint | joining place of 2 bones in which there is a wide range of movements, such as in the shoulders, hips, elbows, and knees |
| gastric gland | microscopic gland that appears in great numbers int eh lining of the stomach and produces mucus, acid, and pepsin to aid in digestion |
| gastritis | imflammation of the stomach caused by stomach acids making direct contact with the stomach lining |
| glycogen | compound that stores excess glucose in the body |
| glomerous | ball of cappilaries in a nephron that filters blood |
| golgi apparatus | network of membranes within a cell that, in conjunction with the ER, processes and transports proteing and other macromolecules; contains special enyzmes that attach to carbohydrates or lipids to a protein |
| haversian canal | small channel in compact bone through which nerve and blood vessles run |
| helper T cells | type of white blood cell in the immune system that identifies the pathogen in the body |
| hemoblobin | iron containing protein found int he blood cells that helps to transport oxygen |
| hypothalamus | region of the brain that directly or indirectly controls the release of hormoes from the pituitary gland |
| immunity | ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen |
| intreneuron | neuron that connects the sensory and motor neurons and carries the impulse between them |
| ion | charged particle formed by and atom that has gained or lost one of it's electrons |
| ionic bond | attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| kidney | one of a pain or specialized excretion organs that removes nitrogen and other nonsolid wastes from the body and regulates water in the bloodstream |
| killer T cell | type of white blood cell in the immune system that attacks and destroyes a virus affected cell |
| large intestine | colon; part of the digestive system that produces a waste material known as feces |
| larynx | structure in which air enters the respitory system and the vocal cords are located |
| ligament | band of tissue that connects the bones of a joint |
| lipid | waxy fatty or oily compound used to store and release energy; one of the classes of macromolecues |
| lipid bilayer | double layered pattern formed by phospholipids in water, the principal component of cell membranes |
| liver | large gland situated above the stomach that produces bile to aid digestion |
| lung | respitory organ in which gass exchange takes place |
| lymph | dfluid found in intracellular spaces and in the lymphatic vessles of vertaprates |
| lymphatic system | network of vessles that collects fluid that leaks from the cappilaries and returns it to the circulatory system |
| lymphocyte | white blood cell that produces antibodies to assist the immune system |
| lysosome | saclike membrane filled with chemicals and enzymes that can break down almost any substance withing a cell |
| macromolecule | large organic polymer, such as a carbochdrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic acid |
| mandible | in arthropodos, specialized mouthpart used for biting |
| medulla oblongada | part of the brainstem that regulates the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body, controls involuntary functions |
| meninges | three layers of tough, elastic tissues that cushion the brain and spinal cord |
| monomer | small individual molecule that forms a polymer |
| motor neuron | specialized neuron that carries impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or other organs |
| mouth | opening through which food is taken in for digestion |
| meylin | material that forms a protective sheath around an axon; white fatty substance that surronds many vertbrate nerve cells |
| myoglobin | reddish orange storing protein found in skeletal muscles |
| myosin | protein that makes up the thick filaments of muscle fiber |
| nephron | any of the numerous blood filtering units of a kidney |
| nerve | bundle of nerve fibers |
| nervous system | network of nerve cells and nervous tissue that recieves and relays information about activities within the body and moniters and responds to internal and external changes. |
| neuron | cell that carries impluses throughout the nervous system; consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon |
| neurontransmitter | a chemical used by one neuron to signal another cell |
| nucleic acid | DNA or RNA that consists of neucleotides and genetic information |
| optic lobe | structure in the brain that processes vital information |
| organesse | small structure that forms a specialazed function in a cell |
| osteocyte | cell embedded in both compact bone and apongy bone that belps build and maintain bone |
| osmisis | diffusion of water through a selectively permiable membrane |
| pacemaker | area of the heart that regulates the hearbeat |
| pancreas | gland situated below the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugar |
| passive transport | movement of substances across the cell membrane from regions of high concentration to low concentration, occurs without spending energy |
| pepsin | protein digesting enzyme produced by gastric glands in the stomach |
| peristalsis | muscular contractions that pass food through the alimentary canal or digestive track |
| periosteum | tough membrane that covers bones |
| phagocyte | WBC that engulfs and destroys bacteria |
| pharynx | muscular structure in the back of the mouth, connects the mouth with the rest of the digestive track |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transports products of photosynthesis and substances from one part of the plant to another |
| pituitary gland | tiny endocrine gland at the base of the brain that secretes hormones that regulate the activity of the other endocrine glands |
| plasma | fluid part of the blood, constitutes about 55% of the total volume of the blood |
| polymer | large molecule assembled from the small individual molecules |
| prokaryote | organism that does not contain nuclei; typically is small and single celled |
| protein | polymer of amino acids used for building cells, catalysing reactions, and other purposes |
| proton | subatomic particle that carries a positive charge |
| pulmonary circulation | pathways of blood vessles on the right side of the heart that carries blood between the heart and lungs |
| receptor | specific chemical bonding site for a particular hormone |
| Red blood cell | blood cell that contains hemoglobin and constitutes almost half of the total volume of blood |
| reflex | quick automated response to a stimulus |
| renal artery | artery through which blood leaves the kidney |
| renal vein | vein through which blood enters the kidney |
| ribosome | small particles in a cell that are made up of RNA and protein |
| salivary gland | gland in the mouth that produces saliva, a fluid that moistens the food and makes it easier to chew |
| scanning probe microscope | microscope that traces the surface of a sample with a small tip called a probe |
| sensory neuron | specialized neuron that carries impulses from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord |
| septum | dividing wall or membrane |
| skeletal muscle tissue | muscle tissue generally connected to bones. can be contracted voluntarily |
| sliding filament theory | concept that thick and thin filaments slide past each other and cause the muscles to contract |
| slightly moveable joint | joining place of 2 bones where there is a small amount of movement and flexibility. such as the spinal column or ribs |
| small intestine | portion of the digestive track in which most of the chemical digestion takes place |
| smooth muscle tissue | spindle shaped unstriated muscle tissue found in the internal organs and blood vessles, not under consious control |
| sodium potassium pump | protein in nerve cells that move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell |
| somatic nervous system | part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary actions |
| spinal cord | collection of nerve fibers that extend from the brain; part of the central nervous system of a vertabrate |
| spongy bone | region of resiliant supportive bone tissue within the compact bone with an interlaced pattern that withstands stress |
| stereoisomer | molecule that has the same atoms and bonds of other molecule but has atoms oriented differently in space |
| stomach | large muscular sac where contractions mix food with enzymes and acids digest food |
| supressor T cell | type of lymphocyte in the immune system that shuts off the immune response in killer T cells and B cells |
| synapse | place where a neuron can trancfer an impule to another cell |
| systemic circulation | pathway of blood vessles on the left side of the heart that supplies the oxygen rich blood and returns oxygen poor blood to the heart |
| T cell | WBC that matures in the thymus gland and regulates other cells of the immune system |
| tendon | cord of tissue connects muscle to bone |
| thyroid gland | an endocrine gland that produces the hormone thryoxine |
| trachea | tube that carries air from the larynx to the lungs, also called windpipe |
| vaccine | weakened or mild form of a pathogen that causes permanant immunity when injected int o the body |
| vacuole | saclike structure that stores materials, such as proteing fats and carbs, in animal cells, and water and dissolved salt, in plants |
| vein | blood vessle that retuens blood back to the heart |
| ventricle | lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood back out of the heart |
| villi | any of the numerous projections on the folded surfaces of the small intestine that increase the surfaces of the small intestine that increase the surface area for the absorbtion of food molecules |
| vocal cords | elastic fold of tissue that vibrates and produces sound when exhaled air is passed by it |
| white blood cell | blood cell that fights infection, parasites, and bacterial diseases, is also called a leukocyte |
| xylem | vascular tissue that carries water and nutrients from the roots to the branches and leaves of a plant |
