| A | B |
|---|
| Population Shifts | In both Europe and America, populations shifted towards cities due to the increase of jobs during the Industrial Revolution |
| Louis Sullivan | Chicago architect famous for saying "form follows function" and helping introduce skyscrapers to the masses. |
| mass transit lines | as population grew so did transportation. Mass transit lines like electric trolleys took people from home to work and back again. |
| rural areas | Faded in comparison to the late 1890's cities. Jobs, new inventions, indoor plumbing, and telephones drew millions to the cities. |
| Engineering marvels | skyscrapers, Brooklyn Bridge |
| consumerism | As wealth is created the public becomes consumers. Department stores are introduced like Macy's and Marshall Fields. |
| Sister Carrie | Novel written by Theodore Dreiser whose main character, Carrie is drawn to the city from the farm and while there yearns to become part of the urban middle class. |
| waste disposal problem | Not only is the city growing but so is mass produced goods that are destined for the trash heap due to the fact they are cheaply made and easily worn out. Waste disposal is a new problem of the urban age. |
| cultural shift | Massive amounts of trash indicated the shift away from America the thrifty to America the consumer who can easily throw away goods. |
| dumbell tenement | So named because of its floor plan shaped like dumbell. Shallow, sunless, and stale air |
| slums | overcrowded blocks of apartment buildings in the cities. |
| "lung block" | phrase given to tenenment blocks were the air quality was so bad that people's health were compromised. |
| flophouse | temporary rooms filled with rats,lice, and cockroaches |
| New Immigrants | Came from southern and eastern Europe. Italians,Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. These immigrants worked to safeguard their old world cultures in America. |
| Jewish Experience | In the 1880's Russia turned on their own Jews. Tens of thousands of these Jews would make their way to America. |
| Birds of Passage | Immigrants who have no intention of staying permanently in the US. They are here to earn money and then go back home. |
| Nativism | A reaction to the new immigrants. Nativist or those who were born in America believed that they were superior to those not born here. Many Nativist laws abounded during this time period. |
| Political machines and immigrants | By providing jobs and shelter, a political boss like Tweed could command the loyal vote of thousands of city dwellers. |
| Social Gospel | Reform movement that acknowledged that life for immigrants in crowded, unsafe, unhealthy cities needed to be changed. Social Gospel follwers believed that the problems of society would only be fixed by apply Christian principles like 'love they neighbor'. |
| Jane Adams | Middle Class woman dedicated to reforming urban problems. She established HULL HOUSE or settlement house for the poor. Hull house provided child care, English lessons, counseling for newcomers, and cultural activities. |
| Impact of settlement houses | Settlement houses became centers of women's activism and of social reform. |
| Florence Kelly | Battle for reform for women, children, blacks, and consumers |
| women and work | In a single decade (1890's) more than a million women joined the work force. The vast majority of these women were single as jobs were not acceptable for wives and mothers. |
| discrimination in the workplace | a women's job depended on their race, ethnicity, and class. Black women had few opportunities beyond domestic help. White collar jobs like secretaries, telephone operators, department store clerks were reserved for native born women. Immigrant women worked in trades deemed suitable to them but inferior for native born women. |
| 'dangerous ideas' | Nativist believed that another reason to distrust the new immigrant was that they might be socialists, communists, or anarchists. |
| American Protective Association | Nativist organization with a million members that urged voting against Roman Catholic candidate for office |
| Organized labor (unions) and immigrants | Unions distrust immigrants because they were often used as strikebreakers, hard to unionize because of language barriers. |
| Immigration restriction laws | Some prohibited criminals and paupers from entering the country. Literacy tests proposed. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | First anti-immigration law to prohibit an entire race. The year is 1882 and the race, Chinese. |
| Liberal Protestants | Led the charge for urban reform, mediation between labor and capital, science and faith |
| Roman Catholics and Jewish Faiths | The only two faiths to gain strength from the New Immigrants as many of these newcomers joined one or the other. |
| Mary Baker Eddy | Founder of the Church of Christian Scientist. Example of the more than 150 religious denominations available in America. |
| YMCA and YWCA | Young Men Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association combined religious instruction with physical activity. |
| On the Orgin of Species | Author, Charles Darwin. This book shakes up the relgious communites by introducing evolution, the idea that man is descended from apes. |
| natural selection | Idea of Charles Darwin that nature randonly selected organisms to live or die and inheritable traits may or may not confer advantages on the next generation. |
| Impact of Darwin | Loosened religious foundations and introduced skepticism among the faithful. |
| Education Reforms | # of high schools expanded, more tax payers paid textbooks, teacher training schools expanded, kindergarten gained support, Catholic parochial schools spread across the nation, public schools spread. City education was better than the one room school house in rural areas.. |
| Booker T.Washington | Black American who did NOT directly challenge white supremacy. Instead, Washington encouraged black Americans to seek ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE would equalize social and political rights. |
| W.E. B.Du Bois | Black American who disagreed with Washington. Du Bois believed that a talented tenth of black Americans should immediately be given full equal rights. |
| Colleges and Universities | Expanded across the nation . Women's colleges were gaining ground. |
| Morrill Act of 1862 | Priovided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for the support of education. "Land Grant colleges" |
| Philanthropy | Gained support among the wealthy as the "gospel of wealth" gained traction in the upper classes. Giving away one's money was a sign that you were truly wealthy. Rockefeller gave away some $550 million before his death. |
| secularization | Contemporary, modern, scientific ideas over that of religious. Education illustrated the change from religious to secular. |
| Life expectancy and standard of living | Both increased during this time. Industrial revolution produced the wages increasing the standard of living and new medical knowledge spread the ideas of healthy sanitation so life expectancy increased. (Understanding germs) |
| linotype | invention in 1885 that made newspaper production easier, faster |
| yellow journalism | publishing of sensational stories of scandals. These types of stories sold millions of papers. |
| Jospeh Pulitzer | newspaper published who specialized in sensational news stories to sell papers. Enemies with William Randolph Hearst |
| William Randolph Hearst | Owner of the San Francisco Examiner. Like Pulitzer, he speacialized in sensational news stories and competed for sales with Pulitizer. |
| Reform Magazines | Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, Scribner's Monthly. The opposite of sensational/tabloid reporting. |
| Henry George | Author of Progress and Poverty which attempted to understand why progress was always accompanied by poverty. |
| Edward Bellamy | Jornalist reformer who wrote Looking Backward in which the hero awakens in 2000 and looks backward. A utopian novel. Bellamy Clubs could be found across the nation. |
| General Lewis Wallace | Author of Ben Hur: A tale of the Christ that attempted to illustrate the falseness of Darwin's theories of evolution and growing skepticism of the faithful. |
| Emily Dickinson | American poet |
| Walt Whitman | poet, famous work is Leaves of Grass |
| Horatio Alger | Author of more than a hundred 'rag to riches" stories where the main character shows virtue, honesty, and honor to win the day, the girl, the job, and move up to the middle class. |
| Kate Chopin | Feminsit author who wrote candidly about adultery, suicide, and women's ambitions |
| Mark Twain | Acid satire novelist, short story, and poet. Famous works include Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn |
| William Dean Howells | Editor in chief of the prestigious Atlantic Monthly magazine |
| Stephen Crane | Author who wrote about the steamy underside of urban, industrial America. Most famous work is The Red Badge of Courage. |
| Henry James | Author who frequently made women his main characters and wrote about the feminist struggle. Portrait of a Lady, Daisy Miller |
| Jack London | Famous as a nature writer. Call of the Wild |
| Paul Laurence Dunbar and Charles W. Chesnut | Black authors who brought another kind of realism to literature. |
| Victoria Woodhull | Shocked the conventional morality by supporting free love |
| Anthony Comstock | Life long crusader against immoral acts. Comstock Law of 1873 that made immoral activities illegal was named after him. |
| urban life impact on families | Divorce rate increased ("divorce revolution"), family size decreased, work habits changed with the invention of the time clock, marriage was delayed, birth control used more often, women growing more independent |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman | Major feminist prophet who published WOMEN AND ECONOMICS. Called on women to abadon dependent status on men. First to preach the necessity of day care centers and cooperativekitchens (fast food) to help women work outside the home more than half century before they were needed. |
| Ida B. Wells | Black American who speaheaded the protest against the heinous practice of lynching. |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | Advocated women tohavethe right to vote not because they were equals to men but because they were increasingly discharging their traditional roles of wives and mothers in the public world. |
| National Prohibition Party | organized in 1869 to end the manufacture of alcohol. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union | WCTU organized in 1874 to stop the sale of alcohol. |
| Carrie A. Nation | First husband died of alcoholism. Later, with an ax she went into saloons and bars and destroyed as much alcohol as she could find. |
| Anti-Saloon League | Formed in 1893. "The Lips that touch liqour shall not touch mine" campaign. |
| James Whistler, George Inness, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens | All American artists of the time |
| Phonograph | Invention that would reproduce music by mechanical means. |
| Business of Amusement | Phineas T. Barnum Circus( Greatest Show on Earth), Wild West Show with Wild Bill Hancock and Annie Oakley, baseball emerges as the national pastime, football starts to become popular |
