| A | B |
|---|
| endocrine system | assists nervous system with communication and control of the body-is ductless and travels a long way to do its job |
| quasi endocrine glands | are paracrine glands and autocrine glands |
| paracrine glands | act on close target cells |
| autocrine glands | act on cell that is exactly the same type as secreting cell |
| exocrine gland | have ducts-travel to specific site ex. sweat gland |
| thyroid gland | atoms apple-secretes hormones through blood stream to receptor cells |
| receptors | made of protein or glycoproteins containing specific binding sites |
| endocrine and nervous sytem | communicate using chemical signals |
| nervous system | uses chemical signals called neuro transmitters |
| endocrine sytem | uses hormones through the blood stream to target specific receptors of tatget cells only- no receptor = no hormone effected |
| nervous system | cells are neurons-chemical signal is neurotransmitter-action is receptors on postsynaptic cell-speed of onset is seconds-duration of action is brief unless neuro activity continues |
| endocrine system | cells are glandular epithelium-chemical signal is a hormone-action is receptors on a target cell-speed is seconds to hours-duration of action is breif or may last for days even if secretion ceases, it stays in blood until filtered out of body |
| hormone action | hormones released from gland into extracellur spaces surrounding endocrine cells |
| hormones play a role in | development and growth-blood pressure-homeostasis |
| hormones regulate | metabolic processes by changing chemical reactions |
| adrenal gland | renal=kidney |
| pancreas | is an endocrine and digestive organ |
| chemistry of hormones | steroid or steroid like hormones or Non steroid hormones |
| steroid hormes are | derived from cholesterol- sex hormones like testosteron and estrogen- adrenal cortex hormones |
| non steroid hormones are | Amines=epinepheron- Protein=long chains of amino acids- Glycoproteins=sugars,proteins,carbohydrates- Peptides=short chains of amino acids |
| steroid hormone action | 1-endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone through blood stream to specific receptors and combines with molecules 2-steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane and enters cytoplasm or nucleus 3-hormone combines with receptor molecule through cytoplasm of nucleus 4-steroid hormone receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes transcription of messenger MRNA 5-New synthesis of protein causes change in action of cell effects on hormone |
| steroids easily diffuse in cell membrane | are soluble in lipids |
| Thyroid hormones act like | steroid hormones and are soluble in lipids of cell membrane |
| Non steroid hormone action | 1-endocrine gland secretes non steroid hormone through blood stream 2-combines with binding site of receptor molecule(target cell) activating site with G protein 3-Adenylate Cyclase moloecules are activated ATP into Cyclic (CAMP) 4-Cyclic amp activates protein Kinases which activate protein substrates that change metabolic processes which change the hormones effects |
| first messenger | 1st hormone trigering cascade of events |
| 2nd messenger | cyclic (CAMP) Bio-chemical that induces changes in cell |
| Human Growth Hormone | increses lean muscle mass- no effects in aerobic performance or stamina, actually negative effect- water retention and lactate production |
| Anabolic Steroids | Mimic testerone effects- liver damage, high blood pressure, left venticle of heart, testicular atrophy, gynocly( bitch tits!) |
| prostaglandins | regulate cellular response to hormones- inhibit or activate adenylate cyclase- control C AMP production- alter a cells response to hormones- are not stored in cells and are synthesised before they are released |
| Perricrine secretions | only act on close cells and do not travel |
| Hormone secretions controlled by | primarily negative feedback mechanism(response negates what is going on in the environment- Positive feedback rare ex. Ocytocin release dirring labor to cause contactions |
| Hormone control sources | Brain=receptor and Endocrine Galnds respond as effectors |
| Hydrophillic | loves water |
| hydrophobic | not like water |
| Pituitary Gland | lies at base of brain in sella turcia- consists of 2 distinct portions |
| diabetes mellitus type:1 | 1-pancreas can not produce insulin 2-autoimmune disorder, immune system attacks cells of the pancreas 3-symptoms usually appear by 20 years of age 4- signs=wounds don't heal normally, weight loss, urine output, kidney damage, vision loss, leg ulcers-5-keotones are accumulated, sodium ions lost |
| Type 2 diabetes | pancreas does not produce insulin- occurs in 40 and older-caused by overeating and not enough exercise- signs and symptoms similar to type 1, Treatment=proper diet and exercise |
| Pre diabetes | raise in blood sugar after eating(not high enough to be considered diabetes- Diagnosis=oral glucose tolerance test- Treatment=insulin, islet transplantation, stem cell research, and gastric bypass |
