| A | B |
|---|
| analytical chemistry | concerned primarily w/ the composition of substances |
| physical chemistry | concerneed w/ theories and experiments that describe the behavior of chemicals |
| biochemistry | study of the chemistry of living organisms |
| theory | a thoroughly tested explanation of why experiments give certain results |
| scientific law | concise statement that summarizes the results of a broad spectrum of observations and experiments |
| physical property | is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition |
| vapor | a substance that, although in the gaseous state, is generally a liquid of solid at room temperature |
| physical change | alters a substance w/o changing its composition |
| phase | any part of a system with uniform composition and properties |
| distillation | liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again to a liquid |
| law of conservation of mass | states that in any physical or chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed; it is conserved |
| qualative measurements | give results in a descriptive nonnumeric form |
| quantative measurements | give results in a definite form, usually as numbers |
| significant figures | in a measurement include all the digits that are known precisely plus one last digit that is estimated |
| radioisotopes | certain isotopes are radioactive b/c they have unstable nuclei |
| Antoine Bequerel | accidentally discovered that uranium emits invisible rays |
| radioactive decay | an unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation during the process |
| alpha radiation | consists of helium nuclei that have been emitted from a radioactive source |
| alpha particles | contain two protons and two neutrons and have double positive charges |
| beta radiation | consists of fast moving electrons formed by the decomposition of a neutron of an atom |
| beta particles | fast moving electrons |
| gamma radiation | electromagnetic radiation |
| positron | a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge |
| transmutation | the conversion of one element to an atom of another element |
| James Chadwick | discovered neutrons |
| transuranium elements | the elements in the periodic table w/ atomic numbers above 92 |
| nuetron moderation | slows down the neutrons so that they can be captured by the reactor fuel to continue the chain reaction |
| fission | nuclei of certain isotopes are bombarded w/ neutrons, split nucleus into smaller fragments |
| nuetron absorbtion | decreases the number of slow neutrons |
| fusion | occurs when two nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of heavier mass |
| Ionizing radiation | KNOCKS ELECTRONS OFF SOME ATOMS OF THE BOMBARDED SUBSTANCE TO PRODUCE IONS. |
| amplitude | the height of the wave from the origin to the crest |
| frequency | the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time (v) |
| Aufbau principle | electrons enter orbitals of the lowest energy first |
| Pauli exclusion principle | an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, and opposite spins (safe sex lol) |
| Hunds rule | when electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy, one electron enters each orbital until all the orbitals contain one electron with spins parallel |
| quantum | the amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one |
| Planks constant | 6.6262X10^-34 Js |
| wavelength | the distance between crests (greek letter lamboda) |
| speed of light | (c) 3.00X10^8 m/s |
| photons | light quanta |
| photoelectric effect | photoelectrons are ejected by metals when light shines on them |
| De Broglie's equation | predicts that all matter exhibits wavelike motions(wavelength = h(planks constant)/ (mass of particle X frequency) |
| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | states taht it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time |
| Standard temperature and pressure | O degrees celcuis and 101.3kPa or 1 atmoshere |
| Ternary Compounds | contain atoms of three different elements (usually contain polyatomic ion) |
| law of definite proportions | In samples of any chemical compound the masses of the electrons are always in the same proportions |
| law of multiple proportions | whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ration of small whole numbers |
| anions | groups of atoms w/ a negative charge (nonmetals) |
| representative elements | group A elements in the periodic table |
| transition metals | group B elements |
| inner transition metalS | rare earths |
| cathode ray | glowwing beam, which travels from th cathode to the anode |
| specific gravity | density of substance (g/cm^3) / density of water (g/cm^3) |
| weight | is a force, measure of the pull on a given mass by the earths gravity |
