| A | B |
|---|
| Bedouins | pre-Islamic nomadic societies based on herding |
| Muhammad | caravan leader; founder of Islam |
| 5 pillars | faith, prayer, alms, fasting, Hajj to Mecca |
| Mecca | center of Islamic faith; Ka'ba located there |
| Rightly Guided | first 4 caliphs after Muhammad's death |
| caliph | religious/political leader of Islam after Muhammad |
| Umayyad Empire | 660-750 CE; started by Mu'awiya; moved capital to Damascus |
| Position of women (Bedouin) | relatively equal, could speak in tribal meetings, could have polygamy |
| Position of women (Islam) | growing inequality; forced to veil, limited opportunities |
| Qur'an | holy book of Islam |
| Ridda Wars | early expansion by Abu Bakr for wealth/religion |
| Sunni | supported any good Muslim as caliph |
| Shi'a | supported only line of Ali as successors to Muhammad |
| dhimmi | "People of the Book" Jews & Christians; paid extra tax |
| mawali | non-Arabic converts to Islam |
| Abbasid Empire | 750-1258 CE; more accepting of mawali, move capital to Baghdad |
| wazir | chief administrator of Abbasids (more power than caliph) |
| Harun al-Rashid | greatest Abbasid leader; expands empire to its heights |
| Buyids | take control of Abbasids in 945 (pro Shi'a) |
| Seljuk Turks | take control of Abbasids in 1055 (pro Sunni) |
| Crusades | European attempts to control Holy Land/Jerusalem |
| Saladin | Muslim leader who recaptures lost land from 1st Crusade |
| Intellectual accomplishments | calligraphy, optics, science, algebra, astronomy |
| Sufis | wandering Muslim mystics; led to more expansion |
