| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific Method | Method of studying nature based on systematic observation and rules of evidence |
| Definition of psychology | Scientific behavior and mental process - psych means mind in greek |
| Goals of psychology | DESCRIBE- behavior and science PREDICT-the future UNDERSTAND- what is explained INFLUENCE- by using the 3 tools to help influence |
| Mental Processes | Private thoughts, emotions, feelings, & motives that other people cant directly observe. |
| Sigmund Freud | School if psychology - practiced neurology -phychoanalysis- Unconscious mind (sexual and aggressive)-Emotional conflict |
| Albert Bandura | Social learning theory. - Behavior is learned from other people..friends, family, culture. - he believed in behavioir and cognitive perspectives |
| Structuralism | Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, and J. Alston |
| Max Wertheimer | Gestalt Psychology- study of consciousness as a whole |
| Functionalism | W. James, H. Ebbinghaus, M Calkins- concious mind helps us survive as a species-functions of the mind |
| Alfred Binet | Psychometrics |
| Behaviorism | I. Pavlor, J. Watson, M. Washburn |
| Cognitive Psychology | Functions of human consciousness. -Intellectual processes..preceiving, believing, thinking, remembering, deciding etc.. gestalt psycholgy |
| Empirical evidence | evidence based on observations of publicly observable behavior. |
| Operational Definitions | Describe the observations in terms of operations of measurment |
| Theories | Tentative explanations of facts and relationships and are subject to change- changed and revised because scientist are constantly testing them. |
| Hypothesis | Prediction based on theory that is tested in a study |
| Research methods- Descriptive studies | Survet method- naturalistic observation- clinic method- correlation method |
| Survey method | Research method that uses interviews and questionares with individuals (peoples opinions) |
| Naturalistic Observations | recording behaviors as it occurs in natural life settings ex: apes in africa |
| Correlational Studies | -Research method that measures the strength of the relation between two variables - statistical terms - +1=perfect positive between two variables -1= perfect negative variablew |
| Independent Variable | Quantitive value is independently controlled |
| Elements of logic of formal experiments | independent variable-dependent variable-experomental group- control group- placebo control |
| Formal experiments | allow researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect relationships |
| Clinical methods | Studying people while they receive psychological help from mental health professionals- ex: sigmund freud developed his theories from years of observing patients. |
| Dependent variable | Variable whose quantitative vakue is expected to depend on effects of independent variables |
| Experimental Group | group in an experiment that recieves some value of independant variables |
| Control Group | group in simple experiments that isnt exposed to any level of independent variable and is used for comparisions with treatment group |
| Placebo Effect | Changes in behavior produced by condition in a formal experiement thought to be inert or inactive such as an inactive pill |
| Biast researchers | Blind experiment- double blind- experimenter bias |
| Blind Experiment | Formal experiment in which researchers who measure the dependent variable doesnt know which participants are in experimental group or control group - double blind is when participants also dont know theyre in experiment or control group |
| Experimentar Bias | Subtle, but potentially powerful unintentional influences on dependent variables caused by experimenter interacting differently with participants in experimental and control group- # of studies show behaviors are different toward parti. if not blind |
| Descriptive statistics | Statistics such as mean and standard devisation that summerizes the numerical results of study |
| Mean | Average of set scores |
| Median | Middle of set scores that are ordered from smallest to largest |
| Mode | Most common score in set of scores |
| Standard Deviation | Mathematical measure of how spread our scores are from mean scores. |
| Cerebral Cortex | Sensory, Cognitive, and Motor Functions- largest structure in forebrain, conscious experience, voluntary actions, language, intellegence |
| Lobes of cerebral cortex | Frontal lobes- Pariental lobes- Temporal lobes- occipital lobes |
| Neuron | Individual nerve cell |
| Cell body | The central part of the neuron that includes the nucleus |
| Dendrites | extensions of the cell body that usually serve as receiving areas for messages from other neurons. |
| Axons | neuron branches that transmit messages to other neurons. Axons- Act on |
| frontal lobes | Broca's area, expressive aphasia, motor areas, regulation of emotion and soiclaly inappropriate behavior |
| Pariental lobes | Somatosensory area |
| Temporal Lobes | Auditory areas, wernicke's area |
| Occipital lobes | Visual area- association areas |
| Nervous system | "living computer" and communication systerm built of nerons. 2 parts central nervous system and peripheral nervous stystem |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord. |
| peripheral nervous stystem | somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
| eeg | electroencephalogram- records brain activity |
| pet | posistion emission tomography- a nuclear medicine imaging techniquew |
| mri | magnetic rsonance imaging - detects magnetic actibity- measures changes in the use of oxygen by neurons |
| cerebral hemisopheres | 2 halves connected by the corpus callosum |
| right cerebral hemosphere | visual and spatial info |
| left cerebral hemosphere | verbal info |
| sex differences in cerebral cortext | size, organization, function, and hemispheric dominance |
| phineas gage | tampling rod that passed through his brain |
| stucture changes through out life | white matter increases- gray matter decreases |
| all or none principle | law that states once a neural action potentally produced, its magnitude is always the same |
| endocrine stystem | the system of the glands that secretes hormones. 2 kinds of chemical messengers-1-neuropeptides-2- hormones |
| neuropeptides | allow endocrine glands to communicate with one another- . they reach the brain and influence the neural system. play big role in stress regulation, social bonding, emotion, and memory |
| hormones | secret into bloodstream, through which they are carried throughout the body and influence many organ systems |
| heart | beating with love for my mama |
