| A | B |
|---|
| William the Conqueror | Norman king who conquered England at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 & who is responsible for the Domesday Book |
| Domesday Book | Census taken by William I [the Conqueror] in order to collect taxes |
| Crusades | HOLY WARS taken by Christians to win back the HOLY LAND from the Muslims |
| Urban II | Pope who sent the Crusaders into the Holy Land |
| Goal of the first Crusade | To free the Holy Land [Jerusalem] from Muslim control & conquer it for Christians |
| Why were the Crusades a military failure, but an economic success? | European Christians did not gain back the Holy Land, BUT TRADE INCREASED in Western Europe |
| common law | Law that was the same for everyone |
| Henry II & the king's court | English king, started the jury system; the king's court increased the power of the monarch [king] & gave him increased revenue [$] |
| Magna Carta | Charter signed by King John I in 1215 that limited the power of the king & gave certain rights to the nobles |
| What is the importance of the Magna Carta? | It limited the power of the monarch [king] and said that he must obey the law like everyone else. |
| vernacular | Everyday language of ordinary people [English, French, german] |
| What was an important conflict between emperors and Popes in the late Middle Ages? | They argued over who would appoint high ranking Church officials such as bishops |
| Concordat of Worms | TREATY that ended the conflict between emperors and popes over INVESTITURE [the appointment of high-ranking church officials] |
| Innocent III | Powerful pope who led the Church at the height of its power [He was the one that excommunicated King John of England] |
| Joan of Arc | Young peasant woman who led French troops to victory against the English in the Hundred Years' War |
| What was the political role of the Church in the late Middle Ages? | It had great political power by excommunicating kings & emperors who disagreed with the pope. |
| Isabella | Ruler of Spain who used the Spanish Inquisition to unify Spain |
| Spanish Inquisition | Church court that eliminated Jews, Muslims & other heretics from Spain, thus helpng Queen Isabella & King Ferdinand to unite Spain as a Catholic country |
| The Black Death [Bubonic Plague] | Plague that spread throughout Europe, killing 1/3 of the population, beginning in the 1300's |
| Causes of the Black Death [Bubonic plague] | Spread by fleas on rats that came in ships from China; Unsantitary conditions in homes & towns ensured rapid spread; NO cure |
| Results of the Black Death [Bubonic Plague] | ECONOMIC DECLINE [No one left to work; crops rotted in the fields]; People lost faith in the Church |
| Effects of the plague on the economy | ECONOMY DESTROYED; too few workers; wages & prices soared; food shortages [No one to plant & harvest crops]; Previous technological advances were set back |
| Effects of the plague on the Church | People lost faith in the Church because it could not cure the plague; Some people became religious fanatics thinking it was God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews, persecuting & slaughtering thousands of them. |
| Impact of the plague | 35 million died in China; 1/3 of Europe's populated wiped out [7,000 per day]; Whole families died |
| Political effects of the plague | PEASANT REVOLTS against landowners who converted cropland to sheep grazing in order to avoid the rising cost of farm labor |
| 100 Years' War | Series of wars between England & France, caused by English claims to land in France; Won by France under the leadership of Joan of Arc |
| What 3 new weapons led to early English victories in the 100 Years War? | the longbow; gunpower & cannons made knights on horseback outdated |
| Romanesque Architecture | Style used before 1200; Solid, squat & square building; Small windows made it dark inside; Looked like a fortress with thick walls & ROUNDED ARCHESrches |
| Gothic Architecture | Began in the 1200's; Graceful, soaring, tall building with large STAINED GLASS windows that let lots of light inside; Thin walls were supported by FLYING BUTTRESSES; POINTED ARCHES |
| cathedrals | Large stone churches built in the center of every major town; Headquarters for bishops; Center of town's social & political life |
| Crusades as a military failure | European knights did NOT gain back the Holy Land; The last of the 4 Crusades based on greed were fought against fellow Christians in the Byzantine Empire |
| Crusades as an economic success | Increased trade, travel, the use of money, new business practices & opened Europeans to new products, ideas & inventions of Asia. |
| Reasons for going on a Crusade | Religious [to help Christianity, to get forgiveness for sins]; Also, for adventure, wealth, land; Gain freedom from serfdom |
| How did contact with other cultures during the Crusades lead to a wider world view for Europeans? | CULTURAL DIFFUSION = Europeans learned about new inventions such as the use of the compass in navigation, gunpowder, and our number system [Arabic numerals] & led to INCREASED EXPLORATION to find new trade routes to get the products of the East, such as spices, silk, cotton |
| How did the later Crusades damage the Church's image? | The later Crusades were motivated by greed; Europeans killed & looted fellow Christains in the Byzantine Empire & had an excuse to kill Jews both in the Holy Land & back in Europe. |
| MONARCH | Another name for KING or QUEEN |
| INVESTITURE | Appointment of high-ranking Church officials; Caused a conflict between popes & emperors |
