| A | B |
|---|
| prokaryotes | No 'true" nucleus and lack organelles |
| eukaryotes | Have a nucleus and membrane bound organells and a nuclear membrane |
| goli apparatus | cell organelle that collects, packages, and distributes molecules produced by the cell |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane that surrounds the cell nucleus |
| mitochondria | supplies the cell with ATP by perfoming oxidative respiration |
| lysosome | digestive enzymes |
| cell membrane | bilipid layer that enclosesthe cytoplasm |
| rough ER | has many ribosomes and transports substances made by the cell |
| smooth ER | has few ribosomes and transports substances made by the cell |
| ribosomes | organelle which produces proteins |
| carbohydrates | stores energy and provides structural support - starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| lipids (fats) | a source of energy storage - saturated and unsaturated, phospholipid bilayer |
| proteins | play an important role in structural and metabolic processes - enzymes |
| nucleic acids | contain heretic/genetic info - DNA, RNA |
| channel | serves as a passage way - foods enter - wastes exit |
| receptor protein | serve as information receivers which trigger responses in the cell |
| hormone | chemcals secreted by glands that bind to receptors on the surface of cells |
| neurotransmitter | produced by nerve cells |
| chemically gated | channel that opens and closes in response to the binding of a chemical to a receptor |
| volage-gated | channels that open due to an electrical signal |
| diffusion | movement of materials through cells membrane without releasing energy |
| osmosis | movement of water from high concentration to low concentration |
| hypotonic | lower concentration of solute on outside the cell - water enters |
| hypertonic | lower concentration of solute on the inside of the cell - water exits |
| isotonic | equal concentration |
| active transport | movement of particles throgh the cell membrane against the concentration |
| sodium-potassium pumps | use ATP to produce a large concentration of sodium on the outside and potassium on the inside |
| endocytosis | food particles enter the cell |
| exocytosis | wastes materials exit the cell |
| energy | mechanical, sound, thermal, light, electric |
| kinetic energy | energy an object has because of it's motion |
| potential energy | energy that is stored in an object because of its position |
| heterotroph | obtains energy from other organisms - animals |
| autotroph | able to obtain energy from sunlight - photosynthesis |
| photosynthesis | light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| respiration | coverting stored energy into useful energy |
| oxidation | molecule loses an electron |
| reduction | molecule gains an electron |
| chemical reaction | occurs when chemical bonds between atoms are broken or formed resulting in oneor more different substances being formed |
| activation energy | energy required to initiate a chemical reaction |
| catalyst | reduces the amount of activation energy |
| enzyme | used by cells to trigger and control special chemicals |
| substate | molecule an enzyme binds to |
| ATP | energy currency |
| feedback inhibition | controls enzyme activities |
| photon | tiny packet of radient energy |
| radient energy | energy such s light that is transmitted in waves that can trael through a vacuum |
| chloropyll | green pigment |
| carbon fixation | when enzymes use C atoms from carbon dioxide to produce organic molecules |
| calvin cycle | the biochemical pathway to fix carbon |
| glycolysis | begins celluar respiration - breaks down the 6C glucose into 3C moledcule (pyruvate) |
| pyruvate | 3C molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | oxygen is not present |
| aerobic respiration | oxygen is present |
| fermentation | anaerobic - breaks don pyruvate into alcohol or lactate and has a net gain of 2ATP/glucose |
