| A | B |
|---|
| Woodrow Wilson | Democrat president that loved peace would led the nation into the battlefields of WWI "over there" or in Europe. |
| unrestricted u-boat warfare | German policy of sinking ALL ships even neutral ones like American merchant ships. |
| "little group of willful men" | group of midwestern senators who blocked Wilson's request of Congress to arm American merchant ships. |
| Zimmerman note | Telegram sent by German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman that secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance, tempting anti-Yankee Mexico with promises of recovering Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona if Mexico joined with Germany. |
| April 2, 1917 | Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war and the main cause was the German use of unrestricted u-boat warfare. War declaration came on April 6th. |
| US Isolationism Undone | Wilson undoes a century of American isolationism by involving America in an overseas war. |
| Wilson's Idealism | Wilson galvanized the nation to war by declaring that America would "MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY" and not for the spoils of war. |
| American crusaders or isolationists | Terms used to describe the hot or cold American populace. |
| "Hang the kaiser" | Popular American chant during WWI. |
| Wilson's Fourteen Points | Wilson was a moral leader with a moral plan. The 14 points or PEACE PLAN called solutions to the causes of the war itself. |
| League of Nations | International organization that would provide a system of collective security and hopefully prevent future world wars. |
| George Creel | A journalist who headed up the Committee of Public Information. His job was to sell Americans on the war and sell the world Wilson's war aims (14 Points). PROBLEM: Creel did his job TOO WELL and led people to expect too much. |
| Committee of Public Information | sent out 75,000 "four minute men" to give patriotic speeches, introduced propaganda on posters, leaflets, music, and movies. |
| "Over There" | George M. Cohan's war song that had millions of Americans humming. |
| German Americans | Took the brunt of American suspicion during the WWI. Made to say the pledge, buy war bonds, and prove their loyalty in other ways. Some were tarred and feathered and even lynched. |
| Hysterical hatred of All things German | During WWI, mass anti-German hysteria swept America and the German language was forbidden, German names were changed, and even German music was banned. |
| Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918 | Laws whose main purpose was to silence anti-war protesters like Socialists and members of the radical IWW or Industrial Workers of the World Union. |
| Attack on Civil Liberties | Alien and Sedition acts silenced the critics of the war as the government censored and punished anyone supporting ideas contrary to government ideals on the war. Eugene Debs was sentenced to ten years under the acts. |
| Council of National Defense | Agency to study problems of American economic mobilization or creating the US war machine |
| America's war machine | Weak at first. Army too small, sheer ignorance of how much steel or explosive powder the country was capable of producing. |
| War Industries Board | Feeble federal powers and disbanded days after armistice. |
| "Labor Will Win the War" | Propaganda slogan to encourage US workers to produce for the necessary war machine. |
| "work or fight" | War Department rule of 1918 which threatened any unemployed male with being immediately drafted. This was a POWERFUL discouragement for any workers to strike as a strike would mean they were unemployed. |
| NAtional War Labor Board | Headed off labor disputes that might hamper (slow) the war effort. This board supported the 8 hour work day, and high wages BUT did not support the right of workers to unionize. |
| Samuel Gompers and AFL (American Federation of LAbor | Supported the war effort |
| The Wobblies | The Industrial Workers of the World led by Bill Haywood did NOT support the war effort. |
| wartime inflation | prices more than doubled between 1914 and 1920 |
| 6,000 | Number of strikes that broke out during the war years |
| 1919 | Greatest strike of American history: the steel strike where more than 1 million steelworkers walked off the job in a bid to force their employers to recognize their right to organize and bargain collectively. The steel companies refused to deal with the strikers and brought in 30,000 African American strikebreakers or scabs ti keep the mill running. |
| Great Migration | Tens of thousands of Black Americans who leave the South for war jobs in the North. |
| Race Riots | As the Great Migration spread, the introduction of Black Americans in previously all white areas led to interracial violence across Northern cities like Chicago and Missouri. |
| Race Riot of 1919 | 2 weeks black and white gangs roamed Chicago streets killing 15 whites and 23 blacks. |
| female workers | flooded factories and fields taking up jobs vacated by men who left for the frontlines. |
| Women's movement | split by the war since many progressive era feminists were PACIFISTS (against the war) |
| National Women's Party | Led by Quaker, Alice Paul. This group of women used radical tactics like protesting the WHite House and "Kaiser Wilson". They also participated in marches and hunger strikes. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association | SUPPORTED WILSON AND THE WAR unlike NWP. |
| Wilson supports suffrage | Encouraged by the vast majority of women working of the war effort and supporting the war, Wilson encouraged the passing of suffrage for women. |
| 19th Amendment | 80 years after Seneca Falls Convention, this amendment gives all American women the right to vote. |
| Postwar feminists | flexed their voting power campaigning for laws to protect women in the workplace and prohibit child labor. |
| Food Administration | Headed up by future president Herbert Hoover. Asked people to voluntarily observe "heatless, meatless, and wheatless" days to save food and supplies for the troops. Most Americans gladly did so. |
| "victory gardens" | Americans growing their own food supplies instead of buying at the local grocery store. |
| prohibition | Since Americans were self-denying, eliminating alcohol consumption was a natural extension made much easier by the fact that many leading brewers were German descended. |
| 18th Amendment | Made the SALE, TRANSPORTATION, and MANUFACTURE of Alcohol ILLEGAL in America. Lasted for ten years. |
| Fuel Administration | exhorted Americans to save fuel with heatless Mondays, lightless nights, and gasless Sundays. |
| Victory Loan Campaign | raised 21 billion for the war effort in the form of bonds that Americans bought. |
| volunteerism | the manner in which the Wilson administration approached the American people to help with the war effort |
| Doughboys | name given to American soldiers |
| conscription | Forcing men to go to war so that an immense army may be built with speed. |
| Draft Act | required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45 for the war effort |
| "draft dodger" | Unlike the Civil war, no man could hire a substitute or purchase his exemption to go to war |
| conscientious objector | individual who on moral grounds refuses to go to war. Mostly religiously based such as Quakers who do not believe in war. 4,000 conscientious objectors excused in WWI. |
| Segregated units | Black and white soldiers served in separate units. |
| Russia's collapse | Bolsheviks or communists under the leadership of Lenin overthrow the Russian czars and Russia withdraws from the war. Germany is ecstatic because they are now only fighting a 1 front war. e |
| Doughboys in France | US troops sent to reinforce mutinying French troops against the invading Germans. |
| Spring of 1918 | "Yanks" take on the Germans within 40 miles of Paris. |
| Chateau-Thierry | First time American troops engage in an European war. |
| Second Battle of the Marne | Fresh American troops help to stop the German offensive and mark the beginning of German withdrawal from France. |
| General John J. Pershing | Commander of American troops in France. |
| Pershing's army | US troops whose purpose was to cut German railroad lines feeding the Western Front. 120,00 Americans will die. |
| Alvin C york | American soldier, a member of an anti-war sect, became a hero when he single handedly killed 20 Germans and captures 132 more. |
| Armistice | Peace or victory day. Eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918. 11-11-1918. |
| American contributions to WWI | foodstuffs, munitions, credits, oil and manpower but NOT battlefield victories. |
| Republican majority in Congress | Right before Wilson went to Europe to argue the case for his 14 points, a Republican dominated congress was nominated and this weakened the Democrat president. |
| Wilson's trip to Europe | Ticked over Republicans since no President had ever traveled to Europe and furthermore, Wilson peace delegation did not include a single Republican. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican senator who loathed Wilson and the feeling was returned by Wilson. |
| Paris Conference | small and large nations meet to discuss peace terms after the end of WWI. |
| The Big Four | Woodrow Wilson (US), Vittorio Orlando (Italy), David Lloyd George (England), and Georges Clemenceau (France) |
| Wilson's ultimate goal | create a world parliament to be known as the League of Nations |
| Revenge | Most European nations wanted nothing of Wilson's peace but instead wanted Germany to pay for it's actions. |
| Irreconcilables | Group of Republican senators who refused to accept the idea of America joining the League of Nations on any terms. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Wilson's 14 points ignored and Germany was punished. Vengeance is the dominant feature in the treaty and the leading cause of WWII. |
| Wilson v. Lodge | Wilson fought passionately to include America in the League of Nations (one of the few points out of 14) while Lodge pledged that America would not be drawn into the League and it's entangling alliance, the League Covenant. Lodge wins, Wilson has a stroke, and Wilson's baby/idea the League is started in Europe WITHOUT the US as a member. |
| solemn referendum | Wilson campaigned for the presidential election of 1920 and campaigned on the League of Nations as a "solemn referendum" or mandate from the people which was a huge political mistake. |
| Republican Warren G. Harding | Presidential candidate of 1920 who campaigned on "RETURN TO NORMALCY" to a war weary America who embraced the idea and elected Harding in droves (huge numbers). |
| Republican isolationists | Win out over Wilson's entangling alliance or League of Nations with the election of their candidate, Warren G. Harding. |
| History's lesson | Republican isolationists refused to support France with the Security Treaty so France started to build up its armies against a future war hungry Germany. Germany opened it's arms to the demagogue Adolf Hitler and WWII will begin in 20 years. |
