| A | B |
|---|
| genetics | branch of bio that studies heredity |
| heredity | transmission of traits from parent to offspring |
| self-pollination | process by which a plant pollinates itself |
| cross-pollination | transfer of pollen from one plant to another |
| true-breeding | all offspring display only one form of a particular trait |
| P generation | parental generation, first in Mendel's experiments |
| F1 generation | offspring of P generation |
| F2 generation | offspring of F2 (Mendel counted these plants) |
| dominant | expressed trait |
| recessive | not expressed trait |
| homozygous | factors have the same information BB |
| heterozygous | different factors Bb |
| allele | gene |
| phenotype | physical appearance |
| genotype | set of alleles individual has |
| law of segregation | members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed |
| law of independent assortment | pair of alleles separate independently of one another during gamete formation (only to genes located on different chromosomes) |
| probability | the likelihood that a specific event will occur (# 1 poss outcome/total# all poss outcomes) |
| monohybrid cross | a cross that provides data about one pair of contrasting traits RRx Rr |
| incomplete dominance | trait is intermediate between 2 parents |
| example of incomplete dominance | snapdragons- red x white = pink |
| codominance | 2 dominant alleles expressed at the same time |
| example of codominance | a black dog x a white dog = a dalmation |
| multiple alleles | traits have genes w/ over 2 alleles |
| example of multiple alleles | human blood types A B O AB |
| continuous variation | trait controlled by several genes resulting in a variety of phenotypes |
| example of continuous variation | human height and weight |
| mutation | changes in genetic material |
| sickle cell anemia | recessive genetic disorder, mutated allele produces defective form of hemoglobin |
| probablility of af americans in us to have sickle cell anemia | 1/500 |
| ratio of af americans in africa to have sickle cell anemia | 1/100 |
| hemophilia | recessive disorder, impairs the blood's ability to clot and can cause excessive and prolonged bleeding |
| sex-linked trait | a trait determined by a gene found only on the X chromosome |
| hemoglobin | a protein that carries oxygen throughout the body |
| pedigrees | used to stuyd human heredity |
| PKU | genetic disorder where individual lacks enzyme that converts amino acid phenylalanine into amino acid tyrosine, causes severe mental retardation |
| dihybrid cross | cross that involves 2 pairs of contrasting traits RRYY x RrYY |
