| A | B |
|---|
| guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil | a nitrogenous bases found in RNA |
| uracil | a nitrogenous base found in RNA but not DNA |
| transcription | the copying of a gene on the DNA that makes mRNA: The process of DNA being unzipped by RNA polymerase and a copy of mRNA is formed by matching nucleotides of the opposite base pair. |
| translation | the process of the strand of mRNA being decoded or read by the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that results in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. |
| mRNA | a template or copy of a gene from the original DNA. |
| where translation occurs | in the cytoplasm |
| where transcription occurs | inside the nucleus |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA - the "work bench" for translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain. |
| tRNA | transfer RNA: matches opposite base pairs 3 at a time in an anti-codon to the codon on the mRNA. During Translation, brings amino acids based on the specific codon on the mRNA. |
| protein | chain of amino acids that is folded and processed into a shape that is specific to its particular function in the body. |
| enzymes | regulate all chemical reactions in the body |
| various roles of proteins in the body | enzymes, transport, structural, antibodies, hormones, toxins |
| polypeptide chain | a sequence of amino acids |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme required for transcrition - binds to DNA, unzips the gene, and helps to form mRNA |
| codon | 3 nucleotides in a row in mRNA that code for a particular amino acid |
| polypeptide | a sequence amino acids (primary structure protein) formed during translation |
| anti-codon | the corresponding sequence of 3 nucleotides found on the tRNA, which bond with mRNA codons |
| gene mutation | involve the change of one or more nucleotides |
| chromosome mutation | involves the change in structure or number of chromosomes |
| types of gene mutations | substitutions, insertions, deletions |
| types of chromosomal mutations | deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation |
| frameshift mutaitons | a gene mutation caused by an insertion or deletions - changes the "reading frame," or the way the codons are interpreted, and can lead to the wrong amino acid sequence in the final polypeptide |
| mutatgen | a chemical or physical agent that can cause DNA mutations |
| methylation | is one type of epigenetic change, a chemical alteration to DNA that affects its function but not its genetic code |
| methyl group | a molecule (a carbon with 3 hydrogens) that attaches to cytosines on DNA that helps to "turn off" a gene |
| What can proteins be used for? | Structural like keratin or collagen; Transport like hemoglobin; Hormones like insulin or testosterone; Protection like antibodies; Toxins like venoms |
| definition of epigenetic | above the genome |
