| A | B |
|---|
| Moses Maimonides | He was a preeminent medieval Jewish philosopher who was a proponent of the cosmological. He was also one of the greatest Torah scholars and physicians of the Middle-Ages. |
| Mohammad al-Ghazzālī | He was a 12th century Islamic scholar and probably the single most influential Muslim scholar after Muhammad, and architect of the Kalaam cosmological argument which seeks to prove that the universe had a beginning. |
| Thomas Aquinas | He was a 13th century Christian scholar who developed the Thomistic cosmological argument named after himself. |
| G. W. Leibniz | He was an 18th century German mathematician and philosopher who developed the Leibnizian cosmological argument (also known as the argument from contingency), which seeks to answer the question why is there something rather than nothing. |
| St. Anselm | He was a 12th century Christian scholar who formulated what Kant later called the ontological argument. This argument seeks to show that God exists and is the greatest conceivable being. |
| Alvin Plantinga | He is an analytic philosopher who known for his development of reformed epistemology, his development of the modal ontological argument, and the evolutionary argument against naturalism |
| Richard Swinburne | He is the Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford arguing for such topics as The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason, which are all books that he has written. |
| Aristotle | He was a 4th century (BCE) Greek philosopher who a student of Plato. He made significant contributions to the branches of philosophy called metaphysics and logic. |
| Rene Descartes | He contributed to the ontological argument and the father of modern philosophy. |
| Bertrand Russell | A 20th century British philosopher and logician who was an outspoken critic of religion and a contributor to logical positivism. |
| Ludwig Wittgenstein | Austrian philosopher, who spent much of his career in England; his early work (the Tractatus Logicus-Philosophicus) played a founding role in logical positivism, while his later work is one of the landmarks of post-modernism. |
| David Hume | Scottish empiricist philosopher, skeptical critic of religion and rationalism. A chief critic of both revelational and natural religion. |
| Immanuel Kant | German philosopher, founder of the tradition of modern German philosophy. Chief critic of the ontological argument. |
| Anthony Flew | British philosopher and critic of religious belief. He was the architect of the falsification principle. |
| William Lane Craig | He is an American philosopher of religion who is the expert on the kalaam cosmological argument. |
| William Paley | He is best known for his exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his work Natural Theology, which made use of the watchmaker analogy. |
