| A | B |
|---|
| Crime | an action that is against the law |
| Deviance | actions that go against the norms and values of a society or group |
| Situational Deviance | something that is deviant only in certain circumstances |
| Cross -Cultural Deviance | something that is deviant in some cultures but not in others |
| Relative Deviance | that is linked to a certain time, place and country |
| Historical Deviance | something that is deviant only at a certain time |
| Conformity | following the rules |
| Agents of social control | the various groups both formal and informal that control our behaviour |
| Formal social control | carried out by agents that only exist to control society - police, law courts |
| Informal social control | carried out by agents that control society, i.e family |
| ASBO's | Individual social orders ie banning someone from an area |
| Community Service | Offenders ordered to work in a community i.e cleaning graffiti |
| Corporal punishment | Physical punishment i.e whipping |
| Curfews | Often part of ASBO's limiting the time the offender may be allowed out in public |
| Death penalty | Known as capital punishment illegal in Britain |
| Electronic Tagging | Attaching a tag to the offender to control and monitor where they are. |
| Fines | Financial punishment |
| Mental Health Orders | Granted if the crime is due to mental illness |
| Prison sentencing | A loss of freedom for a set amount of time |
| Probation | Being offered supervision instead of prison to ensure that offending stops |
| Functions of the penal code | to prevent crime, deter others from committing crime, reform offenders, punish criminals, keep public safe |
| Official statistics | numbers and percentages to show what crimes are being committed and who is committing them, taken from government sources |
| Victim survey | people are asked what crimes have been committed against them |
| Self-report study | a questionnaire that asks people what crimes they have committed |
| Delinquency | the undesirable, anti-social behaviour of young people |
| Peer group pressure | pressure applied to a person by a young group of the same age to try and get them to fit in with the group's norms and values |
| Labelling | thinking of a person or a group of people in a particular way, often negatively, presuming that all of the group are a particular type of person |
| Police targeting | where the police focus on a particular group of people in society, believing them to be more likely to be involved in criminal behaviour than other groups |
| Gender socialisation | teaching males and females the expected patterns of behaviour for their gender in society |
| Discrimination | treating people differently because of their social characteristics i.e not giving someone a job because they are female |
| Racism | a form of discrimination, treating someone differently to others in society because of their ethnicity |
| Alienation | not feeling part of the wider society or culture, feeling separate and cut off from it |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | a way of thinking about a person or group, usually negative, that causes a person or group to behave in a way that makes the belief a reality |
