| A | B |
|---|
| Pompey 76 BC | proconsul in Spain though never holding a political office before |
| Sertorius | former lieutenant of Marius, stirred up a revolt in Spain which was put down by Pompey, assassinated |
| Spartacus 72 BC | Greek born gladiator who started a slave revolution in Italy, formed a disciplines army of 70,000, victorious in half-dozen battles |
| Marcus Crassus 70 BC | banker who became rich from Sulla's proscription list, illegally elected to the consulship (too young), defeated the forces of Spartacus |
| latifundia | large estates from which slaves revolted in 72 BC |
| Verres 70 BC | unprincipled governor of Sicily prosecuted by Cicero |
| Cicero | novus homo, elected consul in 63BC, defeated Catiline and his forces, named himself pater patriae |
| pirates | disrupted grain supply from Africa, attacked Roman navy, boarded Roman merchant ships, kidnapped senators |
| lex Gabinia 76 BC | law which gave Pompey imperium without time limit to end the pirate threat |
| lex Manilia 66 BC | law which gave pompey imperium against Mithridates |
| Lucullus | governor of Cilicia, defeated Mithridates' army regularly with getting rid of Mithridates |
| Mithridates | king of Pontus, enemy of Rome, attacked by Pompey in 66 BC forced to retreat inside a fortified city and committed suicide |
| client-kingdoms | Hellenistic kingdoms of the east (Asia) in a client-patron relationship with Rome, used as a buffer against Parthia |
| Pontus | Mithridates' kingdom which became the province of Bithynia |
| Bythynia and Syria | two new eastern provinces whose taxes provided pensions for Pompey's retired soldiers |
| Eastern settlement | proposals of Pompey regarding the eastern provinces and their assets |
| Pater patriae | title given to Cicero for having ended the conspiracy of Catiline |
| Catiline | Roman noble who lost against Cicero for consul and plotted to gain power through force and violence, but was defeated. |
| concordia | harmony or consensus of the social orders in Rome, a proposal by Cicero |
| first triumvirate | unconstitutional pact between Caesar, Pompey and Crassus to get what they wanted from the senate with a threat of force if defied |
| Caesar 59 BC | noble who was connected by marriage to Marius and shared many of his populist views, stood for the consulship of 59 in absentia and won |
| Julia | daughter of Julius Caesar, married Pompey and sealed the amicitia between them |
| amicitia | friendship, synonym for the triumvirate |
| Pompey's demands of senate 59 BC | ratification of Pompey's eastern settlement with land grants to veterans |
| Crassus' demands of senate 59 BC | changes in laws in Asia that benefitted his wealthy friends |
| Caesar's demands of the senate 59 BC | 5 year command in Cisalpine Gaul |
| Clodius | tribune who looked after Caesar's interests in Rome |
| Milo | tribune who supported Pompey, and fought agains Clodius' gang |
| Caesar 58-50 | originally went to Gaul to settle a border dispute, but stayed for 8 years and conquered as many Gallic tribes as he could |
| Bellum Gallicum | Caesar's memois about his war against the Gallic tribes |
| Britain 55 BC | invaded by Caesar who was beaten back by weather and the painted natives |
| Gallia comata | a province of Rome - long haired Gaul |
| Transalpine Gaul | a province of Rome - Gaul across the Alps |
| Crassus 53 BC | sent to Syria to make war on the PArthians, defeated |
| Pompey 54 BC | governor in absentia of two provinces of Spain, in charge of both armies, but stayed in Rome |
| Carrhae 53 BC | site of defeat of Crassus' forces against the PArthians |
| Pompey 52 BC | sole consul of Rome as Roman senate feared the return of Caesar |
| downfall of the triumvirate | death of Crassus and Julia, no longer a connection between Caesar and Pompey |
| Caesar's impeachment | If he returns to Rome without an army, he'll be reproached by a jury of senators for unlawful extension of his provincial governorship, ending his career |
| Caesar's act of civil war | If Caesar returns to Rome with his army, he breaks Sulla's law |
| Rubicon river | boundary between Cisalpine Gaul and Italy, crossed by Caesar |
| Alea iacta est | the die is cast, an irrevocable decision |
