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| Crime can be difficult to measure crime rates over time for a variety of reasons, including | changes in how crimes are defined. fluctuations in whether people report crimes. in the case of murders, improvements in medical technology. |
| Deterrence theory is a philosophy of criminal justice based on the notion that crime results | from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits. |
| Recidivism occurs when a person who has been in volved in the criminal justice system | reverts back to criminal behavior. |
| Devah Pager discusses her field experiments, racism, and | the stigma men with a criminal record face when they're on the job market. |
| Since the 1970s, there has been a change from a more rehabilitative sense of justice to a | more punitive one in the United States. This is evidenced by historically high rates of incarceration. |
| This New York City street poster refers to oppressive surveillance | in George Orwell’s novel 1984 |
| Victor Rios, author of | Punished |
| Farmers in premodern society had a sense of sameness is that is an example of | mechanical solidarity |
| workers with specialized tasks in the industrial and postindustrial economy are so specialized that it leads | to organic solidarity. |
