| A | B |
|---|
| segregation | A policy of separating the races in public places like transportation and schools. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | The court case that made segregation LEGAL. Also known as "separate but equal." Segregation was NOT equal. |
| Civil rights movement | Protests for changes to segregation. Civil Rights protestors wanted to end the unfair and hypocritical segregation laws that kept black Americans from partaking in the rights all Americans should have. |
| Thurgood Marshall | Most famous of the NAACP lawyers to use the courts to fight segregation laws. |
| Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka | Landmark verdict that stated that it was ILLEGAL for schools to continue to separate the races and ordered schools to integrate as soon as possible. |
| Little Rock Nine | The first high profile school to integrate in the South. Nine black students volunteered to integrate the local all white high school. Federal troops were brought in to protect them. |
| Rosa Parks | Black American arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger. Her arrest sparks the Montgomery Bus Boycott. |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | Black American pastor in Montgomery, Alabama. He will reluctantly led the Civil Rights movement and 13 years late be assassinated. |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | 1955. Black residents of Montgomery, Alabama BOYCOTT or stop taking the bus after Rosa Parks is arrested. The boycott lasts for 381 days and the bus company caves and integrates the buses for the first time. |
| civil disobedience | Protesting against unfair laws and practices with peaceful forms of protest like marching, sit-ins, boycotts. Martin Luther King Jr. called it "soul force." |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference | Organization for the civil rights movement that called on members to "carry out non-violent crusades against the evils of second class citizenship." |
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or SNCC | National protest group of black college students formed in North Carolina. |
| sit-ins | Occurred where African American protesters sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served meals. |
| freedom riders | Protesters who got on buses to test the Supreme Court ban on segregated buses. These protesters knew that even with a court order there would be violence from racists and they were right. They hoped the violence would motive the White House to enforce the laws not just let the case stand on it's own. |
| James Meredith | Black American who won a court case to allowed him to enroll in the all white University of Mississippi. On his first day of class the governor of Mississippi met him and would not let him go to class. Later, Pres. Kennedy ordered federal marshalls to escort Meredith to class. |
| Birmingham, Alabama | Southern city known for it's strict enforcement of total segregation. King and his followers marched on Birmingham and King was arrested. The violence there convinces Kennedy that only a NEW CIVIL RIGHTS ACT would end racial violence. |
| March on Washington | 250,000 people arrive in Washington, D.C. to hear King's famous speech "I Have A Dream." |
| I Have A Dream | Speech where King appeals for racial harmony and peace among the races. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | New civil rights laws that made it ILLEGAL to discriminate based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. It gave ALL citizens the right to enter libraries, parks, restrooms, theaters, and other public buildings. |
| Freedom Summer | The summer when civil rights protestors worked to get the right for ALL African Americans to vote. They worked to register EVERY Black American regardless of threats. |
| Fannie Lou Hammer | Symbol of Freedom Summer. Hammer described how she was arrested for registering to vote and how police encouraged other prisoners to beat her while in jail. |
| Selma Campaign | Major voting rights campaign in Selma, Alabama to register all Black voters there. More than 2,000 people were be arrested for the attempt. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | The act made it illegal to literacy test ANYONE to qualify them to vote and also stated the federal agents could enroll voters who had been denied the right to vote by local officials. |
| de facto segregation | segregation that exists by practice or custom. It just is the way things are done. De Facto segregation is harder to fight because it is hard to change people's attitudes or beliefs about discrimination |
| de jure segregation | segregation by law. Can be changed by repealing (outlawing) laws. |
| race riots | armed conflicts between races. |
| Malcolm X | Member of the Nation of Islam or the Black Muslim Brothers. He first believed in separation of the races and violent resistance but later CHANGED HIS MIND and became more like Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Nation of Islam | Black Muslims who believed that all whites were the cause of black misfortunes and no peace could exist between the races. Believed in violent resistance. |
| Ballots or Bullets? | Phrase that Malcolm X used after he became more tied to the idea that whites and blacks must work together. He preferred to use the power of voting or ballots to that of bullets. |
| Black Power | Call for black people to begin to define goals and lead their own organizations. Organization stopped recruiting white Americans to help them and focused on only blacks to run things. Martin Luther King Jr. believed that Black Power threatened the fragile peace between the races and asked Stokely Carmichael to stop using the phrase. Carmichael refused. |
| Stokely Carmichael | Leader of the SNCC, believed in militant response to racism not civil disobedience. Carmichael did not believe that there was anything good to be found in whites. |
| 1968 | Important year for the civil rights movement. King was preaching against Black power because he believed that preaching violence would only end in grief. King is assassinated that year. The worst urban rioting the US had ever seen occurred after King's death. |
| Kerner Commission | Appointed by President Johnson to study the causes of urban violence and they named the main cause as white racism. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1968 | ended discrimination in housing among other gains for Black Americans. |
| affirmative action | involves making special efforts to hire or enroll groups that have suffered discrimination. |
