| A | B |
|---|
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| lytic | viral replication that results in the destruction of a host cell and the release of many new virus particles |
| lysogenic | viral replication in which a viral genome is replicated as a provirus without destroying the host cell |
| Koch’s postulates | a four-stage procedure for identifying a pathogen |
| pathogen | an organism or virus that causes disease; an infectious agent |
| toxin | a substance that is produced by one organism that is poisonous to other organisms |
| antibiotic | a substance that can inhibit the growth of or kill some microorganisms |
| resistance | the ability of an organism to tolerate a chemical or disease-causing agent |
| plasmid | a circular DNA molecule in bacteria |
| peptidoglycan | a protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid |
| Gram-positive | a prokaryote that has a large amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall and is stained violet during Gram staining |
| Gram-negative | a prokaryote that has a small amount of peptidoglycan in its cell wall |
| conjugation | a type of sexual reproduction in which two cells join to exchange DNA |
| transformation | the transfer of genetic material in the form of DNA fragments |
| transduction | the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through a virus |
| endospore | a thick-walled structure that forms inside bacteria and resists harsh conditions |
| capsid | a protein sheath that surrounds the nucleic acid core in a virus envelope a membrane like layer that covers the capsids of some viruses |
| gamete | a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another gamete to form a zygote |
| zygote | the cell that results from the fusion of gametes |
| zygospore | a thick-walled protective structure that contains a zygote |
| alternation of generations | within the life cycle of an organism |
| pseudopodium | a cytoplasmic extension that functions in food ingestion and movement |
| plasmodium | the multinucleate cytoplasm of a slime mold that is surrounded by a membrane and that moves as a mass |
| algal bloom | a rapid increase in the population of algae in an aquatic ecosystem |
| chitin | a carbohydrate found in the cell walls of fungi and other organisms |
| hypha | a filament of a fungus |
| mycelium | the mass of fungal filaments that forms the fungal body |
| rhizoid | a rootlike structure that holds fungi in place and absorbs nutrients |
| saprobe | an organism that absorbs nutrients from dead or decaying organisms |
| zygosporangium | a sexual structure that contains zygotes |
| ascus | the microscopic structure that produces spores in sac fungi |
| basidium | the microscopic structure that produces spores in club fungi |
| lichen | a fungus in a symbiotic association with a photosynthetic partner |
| mycorrhiza | a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots |
| dermatophyte | a fungus that infects the skin |
