| A | B |
|---|
| where air enters the nasal cavities | nares or nostrils |
| divides the nasal cavities into halves | septum |
| functions of the nasal cavity mucosa | warm, filter, humidify |
| mucous-membrane-lined cavities of the skull | sinuses |
| functions of the sinuses | 1) reduce skull weight 2) resonate voice |
| passageway common to the digestive & respiratory systems; the throat | pharynx |
| below the pharynx; branches into the bronchi; windpipe | trachea |
| re-enforce the trachea & prevent it from collapsing | cartilage rings |
| voice box | larynx |
| elastic fibrous tissue that vibrates with exhaled air and allow speech | vocal cords |
| smallest respiratory passageways | bronchioles |
| food passageway posterior to the trachea | esophagus |
| closes off the larynx during swallowing | epiglottis |
| numerous to increase the amount of gass exchange | alveoli |
| pleural layer covering the thorax walls | parietal pleura |
| pleural layer covering the lungs | visceral pleura |
| autonomic nervous system nerve serving the thorax | vagus |
| fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity which increase its surface area | conchae |
| period of breathing when air enters the lungs | inspiration |
| network of capillaries over the alveoli | respiratory membrane |
| mucus layer over cilia that line the passages of the lungs | respiratory mucosa |
| period of breathing when air exits the lungs | expiration |
| alternate flushing of air into and out of the lungs | ventilation (breathing) |
| exchange of gases between capillary blood and cells | internal respiration |
| exchange of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood | external respiration |
| painful or labored breathing | dyspnea |
| loss of elasticity of the alveolar sacs; cannot rid themselves of carbon dioxide | emphysema |
| respiratory passageways narrowed by bronchiolar spasms | asthma |
| sudden inspiration resulting from spasms of the diaphragm | hiccup |
| deep breath taken, air forced out; clears lower respiratory passageways | cough |
| deep breath taken, air forced out; clears upper respiratory passageways | sneeze |
| increases ventilation of the lungs; believed to be initiated by a need to increase oxygen levels in the blood | yawn |
| bacterium infction that destroys lung tissue and replaces it with fibrous tissue | tuberculosis |
| collapsed alveoli in a newborn due to insufficient surfactant | RDS |
| rhinovirus that causes excessive nasal secretion, congestion and sneezing | flu |
| respiratory volume inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing | tidal volume |
| total amount of exchangeable air | vital capacity |
| amount of air that cannot be forced from the lungs | residual volume |
| amount of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation | expiratory reserve volume |
| amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation | inspiratory reserve volume |
| means of gas exchange at the lungs or body cells | diffusion |
| direction of movement of gases in diffusion | from higher to lower concentration |
| movement of carbon dioxide in the body | from tissue cells to capillary blood to alveolar air |
| direction of movement of oxygen in the body | from alveoli air to capillary blood to tissue cells |
| blood poor in carbon dioxide and rich in oxygen | arterial blood |
| blood rich in carbon dioxide but poor in oxygen | venous blood |
| causes an increased use of the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes | exercise |
| thorax & lung volume during diaphragm contraction | increases |
| thorax pressure during diaphragm contraction | decreases |
| direction of air flow during diaphragm contraction | in |
| direction of rib movement during diaphragm contraction | out |
