| A | B |
|---|
| Positive Reinforcement | Strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding |
| Identity vs. Role Confusion | During this stage, development depends primarily on what a person does. Adolescents must struggle to “find themselves” while negotiating and struggling with social interactions and “fitting in.” |
| Sensorimotor | During this stage a child is concerned with mastering his own innate physical reflexes and extending them into pleasurable or interesting actions. |
| More Knowledgeable Other | Refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. |
| Preoperational | During this stage, the child learns to represent objects by words and to manipulate the words mentally, just as he earlier manipulated the physical objects themselves. |
| Zone of Porximinal Development | The distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. |
| Negative Reinforcement | The removal of an adverse stimulus |
| Integrity vs. Despair | During this stage, there is much reflection on life to see if a person was valuable or contributed...reflect upon the meaning and point of life |
| Reinforcers | Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated…can be positive or negative |
| Operant Conditioning | Means roughly changing of behavior by the use of reinforcement which is given after the desired response |
| Vygotsky | Believed that social learning proceeds development, that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the process of cognitive development |
| Skinner | Believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences |
| Piaget | Thought by many to have been the major figure in 20th century developmental psychology |
| Erikson | German-born American Psychoanalyst |
| Trust vs. Mistrust | emaphasis is on the caregivers nurturing ability and care for a child. Child will develop optimism, trust, confidence and security if properly cared fro and will not experience trust but insecurity and worthlessness if not cared for properly. |
