| A | B |
|---|
| Atlas | A collection of maps |
| Latitude | A grid of imaginary lines drawn on maps that divide the world into imaginary sections. These lines help people find places on the map and are measured in degrees. These lines run horizontally. |
| Longitude | A grid of imaginary lines drawn on maps that divide the world into imaginary sections. These lines help people find places on the map and are measured in degrees. These lines run vertically. |
| Hemisphere | Half of the globe. Usually divided into either the northern and southern or eastern and western. |
| Cryosphere | The areas of the globe, both land and sea, that are permanently or seasonally covered by snow and ice. |
| Hydrotrophic | Substances that do not dissolve in water |
| Psychrophiles | Organisns that can remain alive and active while chilled to near-freezing temperatures |
| Albedo | The amount of solar energy reflected back by a surface. This affects temperature. White reflects! |
| Atmosphere | The gasses that surround Earth and are held by Earth's gravity |
| Climate | General weather conditions expected in a given area (based on a 30-year average) |
| Convection | How heat moves through a liquid or gas. Colder gases and liquids are denser and sink. Hotter gases and liquids are less dense and rise. |
| Greenhouse gasses | Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that absorb and trap heat from the sun |
| Continental drift | The theory that the Earth's crust is broken into about 10 fragments or pieces which shift. This moves continents, causes volcanic eruptions, snd forms new ocean crust. Also known as plate tectonics. |
| Glacier | A long-lived sheet of ice, measuring at least 18 meters thick. |
| Sea Ice | Ice that is formed on the surface of the ocean when the ocean's surface temperature drops below its freezing point. |
| Permafrost | A portion of the ground where the average annual temperature is below freezing for more than two years. |
