| A | B |
|---|
| Archduke Francis Ferdinand | Heir to Austri-Hungary. Was assasinated in Bosnia by the Black Hand. Sparked WWI |
| Gavrilo Princip | Assasinated Archduke Ferdinand. Was a member of the black hand, a serbian terrorist organization. |
| Francis Joseph | Austrian Emperor. Sent ultimatum to Serbia to end anti-austrian agitation and punish Serbian officials involved in the investigation |
| Kaisar William II | German Emperor. Wrote to Francis Joseph urging him to take a strong stance. Gave Austria a "blank check" |
| Nicholas II | Russian Tsar. On behalf of Serbia wrote William II and asked him to lower his demands. |
| T.E. Lawrence | Colonel in British army. Led gurrilla raids on Turks in Arabia. |
| Edith Cavell | English nurse in charge of British hospital in Belgium. Arrested by Germans for spying, since she helped soldiers on both sides |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President. Asked Congress to Declare war on Germany in 1917. Urged for peace without victory at Paris Peace Conference |
| David Lloyd George | British Prime Minister. One of the leaders at the Paris Peace Conference. Promised to build a great post war Britain |
| Geroges Clemenceau | French Leader. Goal was to weaken Germany so that it would never again threaten France. |
| Vittorio Orlando | Italian Prime Minister. Insited Allies honor promise to give former Austro-Hungary lands to Italy |
| Alexandra | Tsarina of Russia. Left in charge when Nicholas II was on the front |
| Gregory Rasputin | Advisor to Alexandra. Self proclaimed holy man. Killed by Russian Nobels who were scared of his influence. Alexandra thought he had special powers |
| V. I. Lenin | Adopted Maraxist ideas. Called for an elite group to lead revolution and set up a dictatorship proletariat. Was exiled then returned to Russia and became the ruler. |
| Leon Trotsky | Helped lead revolutionary fight. Marxist revolutionary. |
| Alexander Kerensky | Leader of the Provisional Russian government. Continued war effort and failed to deal with land reform |
| Joseph Stalin | Leader after Lenin. Beat out Trotsky. Wanted to concentrate on building socialism at home 1st. Used ruthless measures to win dictatorial power. |
| 1896 Olympic Games | 1st modern olympic games. Designed to keep the peace between nations |
| First Universal Peace Conference | Created 1st formal statements about laws of war and war crimes. Designed to keep the peace between nations |
| Hague Tribunal | Permanent Court of Arbitration established in 1899. Designed to deal with international law disputes |
| Pan-Slavism | Movement supporting the political and cultural union of Slavic nations and peoples. Slav-people who speak a Slavonic language. |
| Triple Alliance | Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy |
| Central Powers | Germany and Austria Hungary when the war started |
| Allies | England, France, and Russia at the beginning of the war |
| The Black Hand | Serbian Terrorist group that assassinated Archduke Ferdinand |
| The Schlieffen Plan | Corner stone of German military policy. Designed to avoid a two front war against France in the west, and Russia in the East. Move against France 1st, because Russia would be slow to mobilize. Defeat France quickly so then could fight Russia. |
| Battle of the Marne | Ended Germans hopes for a quick victory on the Western front. Brit and France vs. Germany. Both sides dug trenches and created a stalemate |
| Battle of the Somme | Very costly battle. 60,000 Brit troops killed or wounded in a day. 5 month battle. No one had the advantage nor won. |
| Battle of Tannenberg | Germany v. Russia. Russia invades Germany and losses. Russia poorly equipped to fight a modern war. |
| Battle of Caporetto | Italy v. Austria and Germany. Horrible Italian defeat. Brit and France had to stop Central power advance into Italy |
| Battle of Gallipoli | Allies sent massive force to open strait between black sea and mediterranean. Turkish troops traped Allies on beach. Allies withdrew |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Ended Russian participation in WWI. Signed by Lenin. Had immediate impact on war. Germany could concentrate on west. |
| The Lusitania | 1915 German sub torpedoed British liner. Germany justified it by saying liner was carrying weapons. US threatened to cut of Diplomatic relations, germany lessened sub campaign |
| Zimmerman Note | Brit intercepted note from German abasador Zimmerman to Mexico. Germany would help Mexico regain lost US land if Mexico supported Germany. Led to US joining war |
| The Fourteen points | A list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars. Issued by Wilson. Freedom of seas, free trade, large scale reduction of arms, and an end to seceret treaties. Self determination, general association of nations |
| League of Nations | Created at the Paris Peace Conference, proposed by Wilson. Created collective security, take common action against aggresosr state, negotiate disputes |
| Collective Security | a system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all |
| Treaty of Versailles | Germany had to assume full blame for war, huge reparataions, limited size of german military, returned Alsace adn Lorrain to france, no overseas colonies, removed territory from east and west territory. Greatly resented by Germans. Led to WWII |
| Paris Peace Conference | Victorious Allies met to discuss the fate of Europe, former Ottoman empire, and colonies around world. Each leader had own agenda |
| March Revolution | Food and fuel shortages and battlefield lossed and strikes forced Tsar to abdicate throne. Workers were on strike. Duma politicians set up provisional government. Then Bolsheviks took charge |
| Bolsheviks | Radical socialist group led by Lenin. |
| Mensheviks | minority/smaller political group. Julius Martov supporters |
| November Revolution | After Kerensky offensive Bolsheviks and Red Guards joined with mutinous sailors and attacked provisonal government. Bolsheviks seized power in other cities. Lenin and Bolsheviks in charge |
| Red Guards | Armed factory workers. Helped in Novermber Revolution |
| Russian Civil War | 3 year war between "reds" communists, and counterrevolutionary "whites". Nationalist groups from former non russian regions joined fight. Allies interviened to help Whites. Allies didn't help Whites. Reds appealed to nationalism and urged Russians to drive foreigners out. Used terror to control |
| Reds and Whites | Reds= Communists. Whites= counterrevolutionaries, tsarist imperial officers. |
| War Communism | policy adopted by the communists. Took over any public goods: banks, mines, factories. Peasants forced to deliever food to army, and forced to work in factories |
| USSR 1922 | Lenin's communist government united much of the old Russian empire into the Unioin of Soviet Socialist Republics. Constution that seemed bth democratic and socialist. In theory member republic shared equal rights, in actuality Communist Party ruled. Seceret policy and army enforced will |
| Supreme Soviet | The elected legislature set up by the USSR |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin did away with war communism on the economic front.Allowed some capitalist ventures, state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit |
| Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Militarism | glorification of the military |
| Ultimatum | final set of demands |
| Mobalize | prepare its military forces for war |
| neutrality | policy supporting neither side in a war |
| No man's land | Land between the trenches |
| zeppelin | German large gas filled balloons. Used to bomb English coast |
| U-boat | German nickname for submarine |
| convoy | Groups of merchant ships carrying vital supplies to Britain |
| total war | mechanized war requiring the hanneling of a nations entrie resources into the war effort |
| Conscription | the draft of young ment to be ready for military service |
| propaganda | spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause |
| self determination | right of people to choose their own form of government |
| armistice | agreement to end fighting |
| pandemic | spread of a disease across a large area |
| reparations | payments for war damage. Germany had to pay them |
| mandate | territories administered by western powers. Germany's old land |
| proletariat | growing class of factory and railroad workers, miners, and urban wage earners |
| soviet | councils of workers and soldiers |
| Cheka | secret police force much life the tsars. Communist |
| commissar | communist party officials assigned to the army to teach party principles and ensure party loyalty. |
