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| In their research, both Pavlov and Thorndike sought a principle that would do what? | Stimuli would cause a response. |
| Both Pavlov’s and Thorndike’s research involved what kind of responses? | An Elicited response. |
| Who discovered the relation of a response to an eliciting stimulus that followed it? | Thorndike would give the stimulus after the response unlike Pavlov who would give the stimulus and then the response. The famous example of this was food as the response and the stimulus being salivation. |
| Why is the term “operant” is used for Thorndike’s procedure? | In Thorndike’s procedure, the eliciting stimulus is introduced after the response. |
| In the classical procedure, what does the term “unconditioned” refer to? | In the classical procedure, the eliciting stimulus is known as the conditioned stimulus. This is because its of its ability to evoke the elicited response is not conditional on what happens within the experiment. |
| When Zippy was young, he was stung by a bee and had a severe allergic reaction. Now, many years later, whenever he hears a buzzing sound (including when people imitate a buzzing sound), he becomes nervous and panics. In this example what is the unconditioned stimulus? | The unconditioned stimulus in this example is the bee attack. |
| A chewing gum manufacturer has a widespread TV advertising campaign that shows beautiful people consuming its product, Having seen these ads over a few weeks, you find yourself attracted to the chewing gum next time you are at a convenience store. In this classical conditioning example what is the conditioned response? | The example of conditioned response in this example is the attraction to that chewing gum. |
| Research using both the classical and operant procedures with human infants and adults has confirmed that the fundamental learning process occurs within a short time interval—that is, it has confirmed which requirement? | This confirms the requirement of Temporal contiguity (events occurring close in time to each other) for learning to occur. |
| As drug addiction develops, what sorts of events become cs? | The events that are the cs is the environment, the sight of the nedel and so on. |
| In the blocking design, the CS2 that was introduced in Conditioning Phase 2 failed to acquire a CR because it did not evoke what? | The CS2 alone is not associated with anything. |
| The first step in training a rat to press a lever consists of placing the animal in a test chamber and allowing it to explore the chamber so that what can occur? | Habituation occurs this way, it makes the rat realize that is beneficial to itself and what is not. |
| In lever-pressing training with rats, once habitation and feeder training have taken place, what happens next? | Shaping happens next. Shaping is when the target response is acquired by reinforcing successively closer approximations to its final form. |
| Shaping complex behaviors in children with developmental disabilities often involves what? | Reinforcement leads in time to the target behavior. |
| After a response has been conditioned with the classical procedure, what happens if the US no longer follows the CS? | Over time, the response will not happen, depending on the previous frequencenie. |
| When the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, it leads to what? | The response will not happen. |
| What is said to occur when CRs are acquired by stimuli that resemble the CS used during training? | A direct relationship is formed. |
| What occurs when the same behavior has different consequences in different environments? | The subjects learns to modify its behavior to have a positive outcome. Stimulus discrimination. |
| Who is formally credited with discovering the relation of a response to an eliciting stimulus that followed it? | This was thorndike. |
| When an eliciting stimulus, such as a warm embrace, follows a learner’s expression of appreciation, what happens with such expressions? | Through positive resonforcement they learn that this expression is desirable in some situations. |
| The fact that you answer the phone only when it rings is an example of the guidance of behavior by what? | Habituation |
| Any eliciting stimulus that follows an operant response and decreases the strength of that response over time is called what? | Extinction. |
| Increased strength of the target response is to decreased strength of the target response, as what is to what? | Increase in time or decrease in similarity and decrease in time and increase of similarity. |
| The role of automatic conditioned reinforcement in shaping complex behavior is best illustrated by the acquisition of what? | Language |
| Research on taste aversions demonstrates what? | ? Tester aversion is when an animal eats food with a novel taste and they is injected with someing that makes it sick. The animal learns to avoid that taste in the future. |
| Insight involves what? | Having experience with the situation before. |
| Buskist and Miller’s experiment provided human participants with instructions that described the actual reinforcement contingencies accurately or inaccurately. What did their results showed about participants’ behavior? | At first they fallowed the instructions given to them however, over time they modified they behavior until they received the response that they wanted. |
| What does behavioral research suggest about insight? | That insight comes from behaviors that were previously learned through basic conditioning processes. |
| A salesperson that gets paid on commission for every successful sale is reinforced for approaching potential buyers on which kind of schedule? | This is known as a intermittent or partial reinforcement procedure. |
| AMPA receptors and NMDA receptors are both subtypes of what receptor? | They are both subtypes ofhte glutamate receptor. |
| Judith has watched several movies and television shows that have provided examples of how to defend herself if attached. She is unsure of herself and quite jumpy while out at night, until one day, she is attacked and defends herself in quite a satisfactory fashion. What two types of learning does Judith’s story best represent? | Judith’s story best represents observational learning and instructional control |
| The detection of specific properties of a stimulus is called what? | Sensation. |
| Detecting the color green is to responding to a green light, as what is to what | Detecting the color red is to responding to a red light. |
| Light is to what kind of energy as sound is to what kind of energy? | Radiant energy and mechanical energy. |
| The eye is to what kind of energy as the ear is to what kind of energy? | Radiant energy and mechanical energy. |
| The systematic study of the relation between the physical characteristics of stimuli and perception experience is known as what? | psychophysics |
| The lowest value of a stimulus that can be detected is called what? | The lowest value of a stimulus that can be detected is the absolute threshold. |
| What is a correct negative? | A correct negative is when a event does not occur and the correct judgement, being no is given. |
| The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by two bands of muscles called what? | These two muscles are known as the iris. |
| Near-sightedness and far-sightedness are correctable conditions. They arise from abnormalities with which characteristic of the eye? | The length of the eye. |
| If your eyes are too short then you are what? | You are farsighted. |
| Why is visual acuity the sharpest when images cast by the environmental stimuli fall directly on the fovea? | Because the fovea has the highest concentration of cones than any other part of the eye and cones produce a much more detailed image then rods do. |
| Saccadic eye movements are used to see what kind of objects in our environments? | Saccadic eye movements are used to see large areas quickly through rapid stops. |
| The smooth eye movements used to track an object are called what? | The smooth eye movements that is used to track an object is vergence movements. In vergence movements, both eyes remain fixed on a single target. |
| The amount of energy being radiated from a visual stimulus is referred to as the perceptual dimension of what? | Brightness. The more energy being given out, the more power it has. |
| Which theory of color vision clams that the human eye has three receptors sensitive to color and that each is maximally sensitive to a different wavelength? | The trichromatic theory suggested that the human eye has three types of color receptions, each one sensitive to a different hue, and the brain combines the info from the three types of receptors to determine the color. |
| In order for a person with normal vision to do the impossible-perceive a bluish yellow hue- how would the appropriate ganglion cells would have to fire. | Look up |
| What accounts for different sounds? | The frequency of the sound waves. |
| What are the parts of the cochlea? | See Figure |
| The auditory hair cells transduce what types of energy? | They transduce mechanical energy caused by the movement of the basilar membrane. |
| How are low-frequency and high-frequency sounds encoded? | High frequency sounds activate auditory hair cells located at the base of the basilar membrane near the oval window. Low frequencies make the tip of the basilar membrane vibrate in synchrony with the sound wave. |
| For frequencies below 3,000 Hz, locating the source of sound involves detecting what? | The time difference betweent he arrival time of the sound pressure waves at each eardrum. |
| What are the qualities of taste? | There are five qualities of Taste. They are bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness, and umami. |
| If you were lost in the woods and forced to eat plants (and perhaps a few insects), which taste should you make every attempt to avoid? | Bitter. |
| The olfactory system sends information to which part of the brain? | It is sent to several regions of the limbic system, specifically, the amygdala and the limbic cortex of the fontal lobe. |
| What are examples of the somatoseness? | Some examples of somatosenses are our abilities to respond to touch, vibration, pain, warmth, coolness, limb position, muscle length and stretch, tilt of the head, and changes in the speed of head. |
| Which regions of the body are most sensitive to touch and pressure? | The skin is the most sensitive organ in the body is the skin. The Pacinian corpuscle and free nerve endings are the most sensitive endings. |
| Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that are located where? | In the center of muscles. |
| What is the role of photopigment in the transduction of light? | When a photon strikes one, it splits apart into its two constituent molecules. This starts transduction. This causes a chemical reaction that sends a signal in time to the brain. |
| High- and Medium-frequency sounds cause what regions of the vasilar membrane to vibrate. | They cause hair to move. |
| What do pacinian corpuscles detect? | Pacinian corpuscles detect pressure or moved. |
| A perception is to what as a sensation is to what? | Seeing and feeling |
| The optic nerves send visual information to which part of the brain, which, in turn, sends it to which part of the brain? | The first level of visual association cortex in occipital lobe. The second level of visual association cortex in parietal lobe. |
| What did Hubel and Wiesel determine about the geographic map of the retina in the primary visual cortex? | The geography of the visual field is retained in the primary visual cortex. The surface of the retina is “mapped” on the surface of the primary visual cortex. |
| Information about shape and color is combined in the visual association cortex located in the lower part of which lobe of the brain? | It is located in the occipital lobe. |
| Which of brain region is closely associated with the perception of three-dimensional forms? | The visual association cortex |
| A neurological patient has normal visual acuity and visual defection. She can also read normally, but she is unable to recognize objects visually by their shape. Most likely she has damage in which part of her brain? | The inferior temporal cortex, which is located at the end of the ventral stream. |
| Prosopagnosia is to what as achromatopsia is to what? Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize familiar faces. | Achromatopsia, they were not able to identify moving objects |
| According to Gestalt psychologists how does our visual system analyze visual images | We analyze visual images as a whole, even when they are not, example: the square in class. |
| For a distance a “C” may appear to be an “O.” | This is an example of which Gestalt law? Our brain is making the logical gap and filling in the blanks. |
| How do most psychologists view the template model | Most psychologists think it is infeasible, the visual system would have to store an impossible large number of templates. |
| Research with nonhuman primates suggests what about pattern recognition? | That increased familiarity with categories of objects may lead to the development of more specific prototypes. |
| One shortcoming of the distinctive features model of the visual pattern recognition is that it cannot account for what? | One would think that increased completicatly increases time for analysis, this is in fact not true. |
| One criticism of artificial intelligence mentioned in the textbook is what? | Can the brain work that way |
| Serial is to what as parallel is to what? | ? Serial is to single path as parallel is to multi path (network) |
| The textbook’s conclusion about pattern perception is that the brain acts like a what? | The brain seems to act like a parallel processor. |
| Recent research by Goodale and Milner suggests that visual p erception involves two systems, which can be described how? | ? The two parts are vision for perception and vision for action. These two categories of vision are consistent with the ventral and dorsal streams in the visual association cortex. |
| Which binocular cue do we use to perceive the distance of objects located within an arm’s length? | This is retinal disparity. |
| When viewing nearby objects,t he angle between the eyes is what when viewing distant objects? | Convergence; when the eyes converge on a nearby object, the angle between them is greater than when they converge on a distant object. The brain uses this information in perceiving the distance of an object. |
| As you look down the road, the white lines that mark its exterior boundaries seem to converge in the distance. As the lines appear to become closer to each other, they look farther away. This cue to depth is called what? | This is linear perspective. The use of straight lines that converge to a single point gives the appearance of distance and makes the two inset columns look similar in size. |
| Of the cues used in depth perception, both what and what rely on the clarity of the image to determine distance? | Both binocular cues and monocular cues rely on the clarity of the image. |
| As we move past a visual scene, objects closer to us appear to pass in front of objects farther away. This depth cue is called what? | This is motion parallex. A monocular cue for depth perception; as we pass by a scence, objects closer to us appear to move farther than those more distant. |
| Who was the major advocate of the linguistic relativity hypothesis? | The major advocate of the linguistic relativity hypothesis is Roberson and her colleagues. |
| If all cultures were alike in terms of the color categories for which they provide names, this finding would say what about the linguistic relativity hypothesis? | That the Linguistic relativity hypothesis is true. |
| Despite changes in the size of the retinal image, the same object viewed near and far does not appear to grow larger and smaller. This perceptual principle is known as what? | Retinal disparity. |
| When participants in a research study reported the illusion of movement of a stationary object after watching a moving object, there was enhanced activity in the dorsal stream region of which area of the cortex. | Parahippocampal place area: a region of the ventral stream in the human brain that is activated by visual scenes and backgrounds. |
| In which brain region does three-dimensional perception of object size, shape, orientation, and color take place? | The ventral stream |
| An important difficulty with the distinctive features model of perception is what | What should take longer to perceive takes less time actually. |
| A stereoscope can be used to demonstrate the role of what in depth perception? | It helps to show what part of the brain is lighting up with vision. |
| When we approach an object or when it approaches us, how do we perceive its size? | Convergance. |
| If you have no difficulty reading “naeurl rycclening” as “neural recycling” you are processing what about the words? | By reading the outer boundaries of the words. |
| The process by which sensory information is converted into a form that can be useful to the brain’s memory system is called what? | Encoding. |
| When you were a child you probably learned a rhyme for remembering the alphabet. This was a technique that helped you with the what of this information, one of the basic cognitive processes of memory? | Peg-word method. |
| Rehearsal is often useful for transferring information from what memory to what memory? | Short term memory to long term memory. |
| Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is what? | Not a rapid dekay sesystem, we are able to retain information for a very long amount of time. |
| When Sperling’s subjects were asked to recall as many of the 9 letters as they could, how many did they typically recall? | 50% |
| Because short-term memory processes information from sensory memory and from long-term memory, Baddeley referred to it as what memory instead? | He decided to name it as working memory in it is used to work. |
| Suppose that you have been given a short list of words to memorize. After you have read through the list once, you discover that you can remember the last four words easily. This result is an example of what? | The outerbounders the of the words. |
| Which kinds of lists should be the easiest to remember? | Chunking. |
| According to Conrad’s research on phonological short term memory, which kind of error would someone be LEAST likely to make? | Visual types. |
| Ashley suffers from mild conduction aphasia. What does this mean | An inability to remember words that are heard, although they usually can be understood and responded to appropriately. This disability is caused by damage to Wernicke’s and Bronca’s areas. |
| What di the participants in Shepard and Metzler’s research report that they did when they had to decide whether the geometric shapes were identical? | They found that people were very accurate in judging whether the pairs of shapes were the same or different. |
| As she was driving to work, Margie was in a serious auto accident. When she woke up in the hospital, she could not remember anything about the accident or what had happened to her just before it took place. Margie’s failure of memory illustrates what? | This is retrograde amnesia. |
| Salaam is studying a list of psychology terms by associating each of them to everyday experiences. In this way she is trying to make the terms as relevant as possible to her life. Her method of studying illustrates what? | Automatic processing. |
| Deep processing involves what? | It involes the analysis of the complex characteristics of a stimulus, such as its meaning or its relation to other stimuli. |
| What kind of processing involves using either shallow or deep processing to rehearse information | This is effortful processing, the practicing or rehearsing information through either shallow or deep processing. |
| You know that each chapter in your text contains a chapter preview and that the key terms in each chapter are found at the end of the chapter. This information was likely encoded in your memory through what? | Encoding specificity. The principle that how we encode information determines our ability to retrieve it later. |
| Techniques or strategies that are specifically used to enhance memory are called what? | Mnemonic system, method of loci, peg-word method. |
| If you remembered a list of items by associating each item with the rhyme “one is bun, two is a shoe, three is a tree…” and so on, you would be using what? | The peg-word method, a mnemonic system in which items to be remembered are associated with a set of mental pegs already in memory, such as key words of a rhyme. |
| Memory fo personal events is called what? | Episodic memory. |
| To remember that people park cars is an example of what memory. To remember where you parked yours illustrates what memory? | Explicit memory that can be described verbally and of which a person is therefore aware. Implicit memory is memory that cannot be described verbally and of which a person is therefore not aware. |
| An accomplished cellist’s memories of how to play a Bach sonata on the cello are what? | Semantic memory. |
| The inability to form new long-term memories AFTER brain damage occurs is called what? | Anterograde amnesia. A condition in which a person has difficulty forming new long term memories of events that occur after that time. |
| What are the symptoms presented by people with anterograde amnesia? | Not able to form new long term memories after the accident. |
| The Stroop effect involves what? | The reaction time to a task. Color being right with the name improves response time. |
| Contexual variables that aid recollection are termed what? | Retrieval cues. Contextual variables, including physical objects, or verbal stimuli, that improve the ability to recall information from memory. |
| Rogoff and colleagues found that once certain cultural biases in educational training were controlled, children living in Western and non-Western cultures performed similarly in what? | They still have some of there cultural parts. |
| Which word, when used in the question, “how fast were the cars going when one of them crashes into the other?” | would likely result in the greatest estimate of speed by an eyewitness to the accident? Crashes. |
| Failure to retrieve information when more recently learned information interferes in called what? | Proactive interference, interference in recall that occurs when previously learned information discrupts our ability to remember newer information. |
| The failure to retrieve information we know we possess is the “memory sin” that Schacer refers to as what? | Tip-of-the-toungue phenomenon, an occasional problem with retrieval of information that we are sure we know but cannot immediately remember. |
| The fact that people who are congenitally deaf sometimes make acoustical errors when they repeat letters presented to them on a screen, implies what? | Short term memory flaws. |
