| A | B |
|---|
| mutation | a change in the genetic material |
| point mutation | change in one nucleotide |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by insertion or deletion |
| chromosomal mutation | change in the number or structure of chromosomes |
| polyploidy | organism has an extra set of chromosomes |
| genes | coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell |
| ribosomal RNA | RNA formed on ribosomes |
| messenger RNA | RNA that carries copies of the instructions to the rest of the cell |
| transfer RNA | RNA molecule that transfers each amino acid to the ribosome |
| replication | cell copies its DNA |
| chromatin | DNA coiled tightly around proteins called histones |
| nucleotides | units that make up DNA, made of a phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base |
| transcription | copying from DNA template to produce RNA molecule |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands |
| codon | three nucleotides that code for a single amino acid |
| anticodon | the three bases on tRNA that match the RNA codon |
| translation | decoding a mRNA code into a polypeptide chain |
| polypeptide | chains of amino acids |
| synthesis | to produce or make something |
| helix | a curved spiral |
| ribosome | cell organelle where proteins are synthesized |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria |
| differentiation | cells become specialized in structure and function |
| double helix | structure of DNA |
