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| Borchert's Model of Urban Evolution | this model was created in the 1960s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportaiton history. Stage 1: the "sail wagon" era of 1790-1830; stage 2, the "iron horse" era of 1830- 1870; stage 3. the "steel rail" epoch of 1870-1920; and stage 4, the current era of car and air travel that began after 1920 |
| Central Place Theory | developed in the 1930s by Walter Christaller, this model explains and predicts patterns of urban places across the map. Christaller analyzed the hexagonal, hierarchical pattern of cities, villages, towns, and hamlets arranged according to their varying degrees of centrality, determined by teh central place functions existing in urban places and the hinterlands they serve |
| Concentric Zone Model | this model was devised in the 1920s to predict and explain the growth patterns of North American urban spaces. Its main principle is that growht can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings; as the city grows and expands. new rings are added and old ones change character. Key elements of the model are the central business district and the peak land value intersection |
| Sector Model | this model predicts and explains North American urban growht patterns in the 1930s in a pattern in which similar land uses and socioeconomic groups clustered in linear sectors radiating outward from a central business district, usually along transporation corridors |
| Multiple- Nuclei Model | Developed in the 1950s, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the asumption that growth occured independently around several major foci (or nodes), many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it |
| Urban Realms Model | This model was developed in the 1970s to explain and predict changing urban growth patterns and the automobile became increasingly prevalent and large suburban "realms" emerged. The suburban regions were functionally tied to a mixed-use suburban downdown, or mini-CBD, with relative independece from the original CBD. |
| Suburb | a mostly residential part of an urban area that is usually adjacent to the central city |
| Suburbinization | process in which areas not a part of the urban area become urbanized as people and business move into these areas |
| Symbolic Landscape | the appearance of a city represents that city's history |
| Tear downs | houses that are bought with the intention of tearing them down to replace them with a larger house |
| Tenement | a run-down apartment of low quality that barely meets minimum standards of living |
| Threshold | the amount of people needed for a business to run |
| Underemployment | when a worker is employed, but not employed to their desired standard |
| Urban | describes a city and its suburban area; relating to a city |
| Urban Growth Rate | rate of growth of an urban population |
| Urban Hearth Area | area where cities first began to emerge |
| Urban Hierarchy | a ranking of settlements according to their size and economic function |
| Urban Morphology | the layout of a city; its physical form and structure |
| Urban Realm | describes areas of a metropolis that are economically, socially, and politically independent from the central city |
| Urban Renewal | reconstruction of worn-down, impoverished areas to improve those areas |
| Urban Sprawl | fast, unplanned growth of housing and commercial development over large expanses of land |
| Urbanization | the process of taking on characteristics of a city |
| World City | cities that function at a global scale; they are service centers in the world economy |
| Zone-in-Transition | an area of a city with mixed land use for houses and businesses |
| Zoning | dividing a city into sections with different functions |
| Zoning Laws | the government plans the use of space in ways that would seem culturally/environmentally acceptable |
| Indus Valley | 2200 BC; the third urban hearth, located near Indus River |
| Mesoamerica | 200 BC; fifth urban hearth, located in present-day Central America |
| Mesopotamia | 3500 BC; first urban hearth, located in the Fertile Crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| Nile River Valley | 32200 BC; second urban hearth, located in Egypt around the Nile River |
| Huang He and Wei River Valleys | 1500 BC; fourth urban hearth, located in present-day China |
| Agglomeration | clustering of people or businesses for mutual benefits of close proximity; they can share labor pools, technological and financial services, etc. |
| Annexation | incorporation of something by joining, accepting, or uniting. |
| Barriadas | squatter settlements (shantytowns) that surround Lima, Peru and local urban centers. |
| Basic sector | activities and services that generate income for a city (ex. manufacturing, retail, etc.). |
| Non-Basic sector | work responsible for the functioning of the city itself (ex. government, street cleaning, utilities people, etc.) |
| Bid-rent theory | the theory that as one moves farther away from the CBD (Central Business District or major city), the price and demand of land decreases; land is pricier and most wanted closer to the city. |
| Blockbusting | the process of white families selling their homes because of fears that black families would move in, lowering property values (popular during 1950s; led to migration from cities to created suburbs) |
| Census tract | a division of land for the purpose of taking the census (a collection of statistical data, including population, ages, etc.); every census tract has a standard number of people to keep them even. |
| Central Business District | location of skyscrapers and companies; center of trade, social services, economics, and major transportation types. |
| Central city | urban area that in NOT suburban; normally the older or original city surrounded by the new suburbs. |
| Centrality | the state of being and remaining in the center of a specific area. |
| Mackinder's Heartland Theory | created by Halford Mackinder, the Heartland Theory suggests that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to the controlling of the world. Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland. Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island. Who rules the World-Island commands the world. |
| City | clustered conglomeration of people and buildings together serving as a center of politics, culture, and economics. |
| Cityscape | the specific view of a city or the characteristic appearance of a city. |
| Colonial city | city established by colonizing empires as administrative centers; they were often established on already existing native cities, completely taking over their infrastructures. |
| Commercialization of the CBD | the process of focusing the CBD's purpose on business more than any other service of the CBD. |
| Commuter zone | area outside the CBD where people live but are still drawn to work in the CBD and are willing to commute (usually the suburbs) |
| Conurbation | an urban area or agglomeration comprising a number of cities, large towns and larger urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area. |
| Conurbanization | synonym for megalopolis; large uniting supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. |
| Counter-urbanization | a demographic and social process whereby people move from urban areas to rural areas. |
| Decentralization | the tendency of people or businesses and industry to move to a location outside the central city. |
| Deindustrialization | process of social and economic changes in a city caused by the removal of major industry. |
| Disamenity sector | the very poorest parts of a city that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords. |
| Early cities | cities of the ancient world—mostly based on agriculture and subsistence farming; basically the urban hearths of the world (i.e. Mesoamerica, Indus River Valley). |
| Economic base | the manufacturing and service activities performed by the basic sector (producers of city income); functions of a city performed to satisfy external demands, earning income to support the urban population. |
| Edge city | the shifting focus of urbanization away from the CBD towards new buds of economic activity at the urban fringe creating small towns/cities outside the CBD (usually starts as suburbs and urbanize). |
| Entrepôt | a trading center where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying for import duties (often as a profit). |
| Ethnic neighborhood | a neighborhood, typically located in a large metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs (i.e. Chinatown, Little Italy) |
| Favelas | squatter settlements (shantytowns) located in and around Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. |
| First Urban Revolution | the innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five separate hearths (Mesoamerica, Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang Ho). |
| Gateway city | a city that serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation; they can also connect two cities, towns, etc. |
| Gentrification | trend of mid to high-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture and also replacing the low-income population (negative view of rebuilding a neighborhood). |
| Ghetto | a term used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure. |
| Globalization | actions/processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope. |
| Griffin-Ford Model | a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that shape the urban scene. |
| High-tech corridors | areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development and sale of high-technology products. |
| Concentric Zone Model | created by Ernest Burgess in the 1920s, the Concentric Zone Model was the first of many to document the outline of a city, using rings. 1) CBD 2) Zone of Transition 3) Blue Collar Workers 4) Middle-Class 5) Outer Suburban Ring |
| McGee model | Developed by geographer T.G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia. |
| Megalopolis | Terms used to designate large coalescing super cities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. |
| New Urbanism | Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walk able neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs. |
| Shantytown | Unplanned slum development on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap wood, iron, and even pieces of cardboard. |
| Social Stratification | One of the two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige. |
| Primate city | The largest most economically influential within the state with the next largest city in the state being much smaller and much less influential. |
| Redlining | In the 1960's, before the Civil Rights movement, businesses would identify an area to be "risky" in cities and refuse to offer loans to those in the districts (marked by red lines on a map)(now illegal). Worked against those living in poorer neighborhoods and helped to participate in keeping poorer neighborhoods rundown. |
| Rank-size rule | In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. |
| Sprawl (urban) | Unrestricted growth in many American urban areas of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning. |
| Multiple nuclei model | A model that recognizes that the CBD is losing its dominant position as the single nucleus of the urban area. |
| Informal sector | The informal sector is broadly characterized as consisting of units engaged in the production of goods or services with the primary objective of generating employment and incomes to the persons concerned. These units typically operate at a low level of organization, with little or no division between labor and capital as factors of production and on a small scale. Labor relations - where they exist - are based mostly on casual employment, kinship or personal and social relations rather than contractual arrangements with formal guarantees. |
| Infrastructure | the fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools. |
| Inner city | an older part of a city, densely populated and usually deteriorating, inhabited mainly by poor, often minority, groups. |
| Mega cities/city | A city having a population of one million or more. |
| Multiplier effect | An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. |
| Planned communities | A residential district that is planned for a certain class of residents. |
| Post industrial city | A city exhibiting the characteristics of a postindustrial society |
| Restrictive covenants | a statement written into a property deed that restricts the use of land in some way. |
| Segregation | the separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. |
| Slums | A heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor. |
| Settlement Form | the spatial arrangements of buildings, roads, towns and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area. |
| Nucleated Settlement Form | a settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church. |
| Dispersed Settlement Form | in comparison with nucleated settlement, a settlement pattern characterized by scattered, isolated dwellings. |
| Peak Land Value Intersection | the region within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce. As such, it is usually located in the central business district of a town or city, and has the greatest density of transport links such as roads and rail |
| Market Area | the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. |
| Medieval Cities | cities that developed in Europe during the Middle Ages; extreme density of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, a church as the focal point of the city; high walls surrounding |
| Specialization | the separation of tasks within a system |
| cumulative causation | contributing factor to uneven development; occurs when money flows to areas of greatest profit, places where development has already been focused, rather than to places of greatest need. |
| exurb | an area of growth outside the central city and surrounding suburbs; its growth is fueled by people exiting the city and suburbs in search of the peace and tranquility of more-rural lifestyles |
| festival setting | area within an urban place builty for community gatherings, such as a park or waterfont |
| ghettoization | growth of areas of concentrated poverty in urban places |
| green belt | boundary encircling an urban place and limiting the sprawl of the city, forcing inward development and reinvestment in a city's core |
| hinterland | area serviced by a central place |
| industrial city | city that grew during the Industrial Revolution. Rather than serving mainly as an administrative, religous, trade, or gateway city, the industrial city's primary funciton was to make and distribute manufactured products |
| invasion and succession | pattern of inflow of new immigratns to the central business district in the concentric zone model and then the related pushing of existing inhabitatns outward to rings outside the center thereby causing changing land use patterns |
| level of urbanization | percentage of people considered to be urban |
| Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) | the US Census Bureau geographic unit of area including a central city and all its immediately interactin counties populated by commuters and people directly connected to the central city. An MSA is an urbanized region with a minimum of 50,000 residents |
| Micripolitan statistical area | US Census Bureau geographic unit comprising of a central city and the surrounding counties integrated into it, and having a population of 10,000 to 50,000 |
| office park | zone of urban land exclusively set aside for corporate offices. Often office park developers offer incentives to businesses to locate there |
| panregional influence | influence that extends beyond the city's own region into the other centers of economic control |
| periferico | the most peripheral zone of Latin American city marked by squatter settlements and abject poverty |
| postmodernism | postindustrial school of architecture and urban design that frowns on symmetry and balance and looks more toward diversity and individuality in expression |
| primacy | degree to which a primary city dominates economic, political, and cultural cunctions in a country |
| racial steering | tactic contributing to ghettoization; real estate agents would show people houses based on their race |
| range of a good or service | maximum distance a person is willing to travel to obtain a good or service |
| rate of urbanization | speed that a population is becoming urban |
| shock city | urban place experiencing infrastructural challenges related to massive and rapid urbanization |
| spatial competition | assumption in the central place theory that implies that central places compete with each other for competition |
| star-shaped city pattern | early shape of city growth before automobiles dominated in which lines of public transporation radiated from the central business district in a star pattern. The star-shaped pattern of growth maintained the dominance of the CBD |
| telecommuting | modern form of commuting that involves only the commuting of information, not the worker, through the use of the internet of telephone technology |
| uneven development | urban development that is not spread equally among a city's areas, leaving some areas richly developed and others continually poor and decrepit |
| urban banana | arch of the dominant overland, trade-based cities stretching from London to Tokyo in the 1500s before the rise of sea-based trade and exploration |
| urban system | network of urban places; part of an interlocking web of interacting cities. |
