| A | B |
|---|
| 1. What are the 5 characteristics of minerals? | 1. Naturally occurring, Inorganic, Solid, Unique crystal structure, Unique chemical composition |
| 2. What are the three main layers of the Earth? | 2. Crust, mantle, core |
| 3. What are the 4 main layers of the Earth? | 3. Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
| 4. What scientific device would you use to measure volume? | 4. Graduated Cylinder |
| 5. What scientific device would you use to measure length? | 5. Meter stick or metric measure |
| 6. What scientific instrument do we use to measure mass? | 6. Triple beam balance |
| 7. What is mass? | 7. It is a measure of the amount of atoms crammed into a specifically sized volume |
| 8. How are minerals and rocks related? | 8. Rocks are made up of one or more minerals |
| 9. How are rocks classified? | 9. By how and where they are formed |
| 10. If, on a multiple choice test, one of the selections includes a term we have never discussed, AND you have been paying attention, what should you do? | 10. DON’T pick that answer!!! |
| 11. What is luster? | 11. how a mineral reflects light |
| 12. What is a mineral’s streak? | 12. The color of a mineral’s powder when rubbed on a streak plate |
| 13. Why is coal NOT a mineral? | 13. Has things that were once living in it |
| 14. Why is concrete NOT a mineral? | 14. Not naturally occurring |
| 15. Why are minerals an important resource for society? | 15. Almost everything we use each day is made from minerals. |
| 16. On the Mohs Scale, which minerals can scratch a mineral with a hardness of 6.5? | 16. Quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond |
| 17. What is density? | 17. Mass per unit volume; the amount of matter in an object |
| 18. What are all rocks made of? | 18. Minerals! |
| 19. What are the 3 types of rock? | 19. Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary |
| 20. What 3 properties are used to ID rock? | 20. Color, texture and mineral ID |
| 21. rock formed from cooling magma (in the ground) are called ________ igneous rock. | 21. Intrusive |
| 22. rock formed from cooling lava (on the ground) are called ________ igneous rock. | 22. Extrusive |
| 23. In general, what grain size forms in intrusive igneous rock? | 23. Medium to large |
| 24. In general, what grain size forms in extrusive igneous rock? | 24. Small grained and sometimes no grains at all. |
| 25. What type of rock cooled so fast that crystal didn’t form? | 25. Obsidian |
| 26. What type of rock would you expect to find near a volcano? | 26. Extrusive igneous rock |
| 27. What type of rock includes erosion and deposition in the formation process? | 27. Sedimentary rock |
| 28. What kind of rock includes cementation and compaction in its formation? | 28. Sedimentary rock |
| 29. How do you “make” a sedimentary rock? | 29. Weathering - erosion - deposition - compaction - cementation all work together over a long period of TIME |
| 30. What is a classic example of an extrusive igneous ? | 30. Basalt |
| 31. What is a classic example of an intrusive igneous rock? | 31. Granite |
| 32. What is the rock cycle (in words, not pictures)? | 32. A series of processes on or beneath Earth’s surface that slowly changes rock from one kind to another. |
| 33. What determines the type of rock that forms? | 33. The conditions surrounding the rock during its formation |
| 34. Fossils can only form in what type of rock ? | 34. Sedimentary rock |
| 35. What are the 4/5 steps or stages to make a Sedimentary rock? | 35. Weathering, erosion, deposition, cementation, & compaction |
| 36. How do you make a mm rock? | 36. Heat and pressure usually deep in the Earth—it can CHANGE any rock into a mm rock. |
| 37. The texture of a mm rock where the grains are arranged in parallel bands is called? | 37. Foliated |
| 38. What 4 forces can change rock in the rock cycle? | 38. Erosion, heat & pressure, melting, volcanic activity |
| 39. In the rock cycle, what type of rock can change to form a metamorphic rock? | 39. Any rock can become any other type of rock in the rock cycle! |
| 40. What is a fossil? | 40. The preserved remains or traces of living things (organics!) |
| 41. How do fossils form? | 41. Most fossils form when living things die and are buried by sediment that then harden into rock. They are rare!! |
| 42. What are the 5 different kinds of fossils? | 42. Petrified, mold, cast, carbon film, trace |
| 43. Other than rock, what 3 other substances MAY preserve fossils? | 43. Tar, amber, ice |
| 44. If a type of organism no longer exists, it is known as ___________. | 44. Extinct |
| 45. What is a trace fossil? | 45. Indirect evidence that an organism existed such as a foot print or a nest! |
| 46. What can we learn from studying fossils? | 46. How life AND environments AND climates AND ecosystems have changed over time AND that life has changed over time from simple to more complex (or they become extinct)! |
| 47. Is the fossil record complete, including examples of every organism that has ever existed? | 47. NO! First, it is very rare to be fossilized. Second, soft parts don’t fossilize! Most organisms that die are recycled! |
| 48. What is evolution? | 48. Gradual change of organisms over a long period of time. |
| 49. How old is the Earth? | 49. 4.5 BYO |
| 50. What is an unconformity? | 50. the surface where new rock layers meet much older rock surfaces (due to erosion). It is a big “time” GAP in the geologic record |
| 51. What is the Law of Superposition? | 51. in horizontal sedimentary rock layers, the oldest is on the bottom. Each layer higher is younger than the layer below |
| 52. What is the Law of Original Horizontality? | 52. Sedimentary rock layers are laid down horizontally. |
| 53. Is an intrusion older or younger than the rock that surrounds it? | 53. Younger |
| 54. Why do geologists use the geologic time scale instead of a watch? | 54. B/c the time span for Earth’s history is so HUGE! |
| 55. What is the difference between relative age and absolute age of a rock layer? | 55. RA: a rock’s age compared to the ages of other rock —words not #’s AA: the number of years since the rock formed--#’s not words |
| 56. What is an index fossil? | 56. A fossil species that was wide-spread but only existed a short period of time. Index fossils are used in finding the Relative Age of rock layers. |
| 57. The fossil record shows that life has changed over time (page 290). For example, older rocks contain fossils of __________ organisms and younger rocks contain fossils of more ______________ organisms. | 57. Simple; complex |
| 58. How could the fossils from an ancient coral reef be found on a mountain top? | 58. The mountain was formed from reefs that were under water in an ancient sea. After the sediments lithified, the area was uplifted by plate tectonic activity, exposing the old reef! |
| 59. How do you think scientists know that the cat and the Velociraptor did not exist at the same time? | 59. We have never found fossils of them together in the same strata or layer of rock. Also, the cat is more complex and has a much bigger brain than the Velociraptor—thus, simple to complex! |
| 60. What are natural resources? | 60. useful or necessary supplies from nature such as oil and trees |
| 61. What is the major/ultimate source of all energy resources? | 61. The sun |
| 62. What are renewable resources? | 62. Natural resources that are constantly being supplied or resupplied such as wind or trees |
| 63. What are nonrenewable resources? | 63. Natural resources that can’t be renewed or replaced (takes millions to 100’s of millions of years to form) |
| 64. What are the three major fossil fuels? | 64. Oil, coal, and natural gas |
| 65. How long does it take to replace them? | 65. millions of years (non-renewable) |
| 66. What ARE fossil fuels? | 66. A energy rich substance formed from the decayed remains of ancient organisms. |
| 67. What is the name for the energy that comes from the sun? | 67. solar |
| 68. What human activity contributes the most to damaging air pollution? | 68. Burning fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) |
| 69. What does energy conservation mean? | 69. Reducing energy use |
| 70. Why is our demand for fossils fuels greater than 50 years ago? | 70. So many more people and “toys” |
| 71. What are 3 BIG things that can be done to “older” homes to make them more efficient? | 71. Insulation, caulking, energy star appliances |
| 72. What is alternative energy? | 72. Energy (to operate things) that is not dependent upon nonrenewable resources such as solar, wind, etc. |
| 73. What are fossil fuels formed from? | 73. The dinosaurs and plants that died and decayed in the soil millions of years ago |
| 74. List Earth’s main layers from the surface to the center. | 74. Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
| 75. With increasing depth, beneath Earth’s surface, toward the core, what happens to temperature and pressure? | 75. Both increase |
| 76. How do geologists study the earth’s interior? | 76. Seismic waves—natural and man-made |
| 77. Of Earth’s layers, which one is made up of basalt and granite? | 77. Crust--oceanic and continental respectively |
| 78. Of Earth’s layers, which layer is the densest? Least dense? | 78. core; crust |
| 79. How do earth’s inner and outer cores differ? | 79. Inner solid, outer liquid |
| 80. Heat energy that is transferred through space is called? | 80. Radiation. |
| 81. Heat energy that is transferred through direct touch is called? | 81. Conduction |
| 82. Heat energy that is transferred through the movement of liquids is called? | 82. Convection |
| 83. What do the convection currents in the mantle cause to happen? | 83. The lithospheric plates to move |
| 84. What is the longest mountain chain in the world (I’ve stood on it!!)? | 84. Mid-ocean ridge |
| 85. What is the difference between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere | 85. Lithosphere is rigid and includes both the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle. The tectonic plates ARE the lithosphere. Asthenosphere is below the lithosphere and is the upper (not uppermost) part of the mantle. It flows slowly and is molten (plastic). |
| 86. Why is there an underwater mountain chain in the middle of the Atlantic ocean? | 86. Divergent boundary |
| 87. Where in the U.S. do earthquakes occur? | 87. Ring of Fire (west coast) |
| 88. Why do earthquakes occur there? | 88. EQ are cause by movement of rocks which occurs at boundaries |
| 89. What causes volcanoes? | 89. Caused by molten material rising through cracks to the surface; Most are caused at convergent boundaries |
| 90. Where in the U.S. do volcanoes occur? | 90. West coast at the Ring of Fire |
| 91. What are the three major theories with this unit and who is given credit for their development? | 91. Theory of Continental Drift—Wegener; Theory of Sea-Floor Spreading—Hesse; Theory of Plate Tectonics--Wilson |
| 92. What theory explains the shifting movement of earth’s upper layers? | 92. The Theory of Plate Tectonics |
| 93. What do Gondwanaland, Ur, Laurasia, Rodinia, Oldredia, and Nena have in common? | 93. They were all past supercontinents! |
| 94. What evidence was used to support Wegener’s theory of continental drift? | 94. Matching landform, identical fossils separated by distance, extreme climate changes |
| 95. Why was Wegener’s Theory not believed by scientists until 40 years later? | 95. He couldn’t explain the mechanism that was pushing the continents about the Earth |
| 96. Which ocean is getting bigger: Pacific or Atlantic? Why? | 96. Atlantic b/c it has divergent plate boundaries while the Pacific has convergent plate boundaries |
| 97. What makes Earth’s lithospheric plates move? | 97. Convection currents in the mantle. |
| 98. What is happening at the mid-ocean ridges? | 98. Baby, brand-new oceanic crust is being formed every minute, pushing the “older” material away from the ridge. |
| 99. What surface feature is almost always found at these mid-ocean ridges? | 99. A steep-sided valley known as a rift. |
| 100. What is the theory of sea-floor spreading? Who developed that theory? | 100.The process that continuously adds new oceanic crust at the mid-ocean ridge; Hesse |
| 101. What is subduction? What can almost always be found there? | 101.The process where one plate is sinks under another plate back into the mantle where it melts; volcanoes and EQs; death and destruction |
| 102. What is a convergent boundary? | 102.Where 2 tectonic plates collide |
| 103. What is a divergent boundary? | 103.Where 2 tectonic plates spread apart |
| 104. What is a transform boundary? | 104.Where 2 tectonic plates slide past each other |
| 105. What happens when 2 continental plates collide? | 105.Massive mountain building |
| 106. What happens when 2 oceanic plates collide? | 106.One will always be denser and will subduct under the other, forming volcanic island arcs. |
| 107. How do faults change the landscape? | 107.They shift the land in 3 directions: up, down, and sideways |
| 108. What is an earthquake? | 108.The shaking and trembling of Earth’s surface due to the movement of rock beneath the surface. It releases ENERGY! |
| 109. What happens when 1 oceanic plate collides with 1 continental plate? | 109.It is a mess! Volcanoes, EQs, land violence, deep ocean trenches, subduction! Death & destruction! |
| 110. Where does sea-floor spreading occur? | 110.At mid-ocean ridges |
| 111. What is the Ring of Fire and what is causing it to form? | 111.Circular area in the Pacific that consists of nearly continuous trenches; convergent plate boundaries |
| 112. Which is more dense: continental or oceanic crust? | 112.Oceanic crust |
| 113. Fossils of the fern Glossopteris has been found on 5 of today’s continent. Since ferns don’t swim or fly, how do scientists explain this? | 113.Plate tectonics! All the continents were once joined together as one landmass |
| 114. Energy is built up and stored in lithospheric plates along ______________. | 114.Faults |
| 115. What stress causes a transform boundary? | 115.Shearing |
| 116. What stress causes a divergent boundary? | 116.Tension |
| 117. What stress causes a convergent boundary? | 117.Compression |
| 118. What did Pangaea, or any supercontinent contain all of?? | 118.All the continental crust available at that time. |
| 119. What is a supercontinent? | 119.A large landmass formed by multiple convergent boundaries |
| 120. What stress causes a rift valley? | 120.Tension |
| 121. What is a volcano? | 121.a weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes to the surface. |
| 122. How are the inner and outer core different? How are they alike? | 122.Outer is liquid & inner is solid; both are made of the metals iron & nickel |
| 123. What always happens before a volcano erupts? | 123.Earthquakes! |
| 124. All the “things” that can cause erosion to happen are called ___________? | 124.Agents |
| 125. What are the 2 most important factors in determining the rate of weathering? | 125.rock type and climate |
| 126. What are the two types of weathering? | 126.Mechanical and chemical |
| 127. Rock that is permeable weathers easily. Why? | 127.B/c is it full of holes |
| 128. What is the difference between weathering and erosion? | 128.weathering is the breaking down of rock; erosion is the transporting (moving) of those broken pieces. |
| 129. Soil formation begins with the weathering of what? | 129.rock |
| 130. The mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, air, and water is called what? | 130.Soil |
| 131. What type of process caused the Grand Canyon to form? | 131.Weathering and erosion over time |
| 132. Glaciers can carry rock (big and small) over great distances. Is this an example of weathering or erosion? | 132.Erosion (transportation) |
| 133. The growth of plant roots and animal activity may result in what type of weathering? | 133.Mechanical weathering |
| 134. What kind of weathering causes the mineral composition of rocks to change? | 134.Chemical |
| 135. The agent of mechanical weathering in which rock is worn away by the grinding action of other rock particles is called______? | 135.Abrasion |
| 136. In what type of climate would you find the fasted rate of chemical weathering? | 136.Constant, hot/high temperatures and lots of rain. |
| 137. Soil begins to form when the solid layer of rock called _______weathers. | 137.Bedrock |
| 138. The loose layer of plant remains that accumulates on the ground is called ____________________. | 138.litter |
| 139. Ice wedging causes mechanical weathering of rock by what means? | 139.Freezing and thawing of water (expansion & contraction) |
| 140. Rapid chemical weathering can be caused by ____________________, which is rain combined with pollutants. | 140.Acid rain |
| 141. If you reclaimed some of the land from a failed subdivision expansion, what would you be doing? | 141.Returning the land close to its natural state before it was disturbed |
| 142. Does strip mining help prevent erosion? | 142.No |
| 143. Would planting trees help prevent erosion? | 143.Yes |
| 144. What caused the Dust Bowl? | 144.Farmers removed too many native plants from the soil, leaving the soil exposed to drought and wind erosion. |
| 145. Each soil ____________________, or layer, differs in color and texture from the layer above or below it. | 145.Horizon |
| 146. Name the soil horizons from top to bottom | 146.. A, B, C, Bedrock AND Topsoil, subsoil, weathered rock, bedrock |
| 147. Plants need the ____________________, or decayed organic material, in soil to grow. Which layer is it? | 147.Humus; Layer 1 or A or Topsoil |
| 148. How does wind cause erosion? | 148.By picking up small particles of rock and soil and transporting them somewhere else |
| 149. How can air weather rock? | 149.The oxygen part can “rust” any iron particles in the rock, statue, etc. |
| 150. What can a river do to a rock over time? | 150.Weather it to become smooth, rounded, and smaller and transport the rock downstream. |
| 151. What is a delta? | 151.A triangular shaped deposit of sediments where a faster flowing body of water flows into a slower flowing body of water. |
| 152. What is a tributary? | 152.A stream that flows into a larger stream or a river that flows into a larger river. |
| 153. What type of process caused the Grand Canyon to form? | 153.Weathering and erosion over time |
| 154. What are three ways that humans contribute to erosion. | 154.Agriculture, development (building stuff) , mining (especially strip mining) |
| 155. What is the best way to prevent erosion? | 155.Plant stuff! Trees, grass, bushes, flowers, etc. |
| 156. What cycle on or beneath the earth’s surface changes (slowly) any rock from one type to another? | 156.The rock cycle! |
| 157. The lithosphere is made up of what 2 parts? | 157.Crust and the upper-most part of the mantle. |
| 158. Fossils of the fern glossopteris have been found on a number of different continents. How can this be explained? | 158.Those continents were once joined together in a giant supercontinent |
| 159. What are the three main fossil fuels? | 159.Coal, oil, natural gas |
| 160. What are some alternatives to fossil fuel? | 160.Solar, wind, hydroelectric power/energy |
| 161. What does it mean to conserve energy? | 161.To use less or to save |
| 162. Most of Earth's water—roughly 97 percent is what type of water? | 162.Salt water found mostly in the oceans |
| 163. Only 3 percent of water on Earth is considered what type of water? | 163.Freshwater |
| 164. Most of Earth's water—roughly 97 percent—is what type of water? | 164.Salt water found mostly in the oceans |
| 165. Only 3 percent of water on Earth is considered what type of water? | 165.Freshwater—but not necessarily usable |
| 166. What is the time between high & low tides? | 166. 6h 12.5 min |
| 167. What is the time between high tide and high tide? | 167. 12 h 25 min |
| 168. What is a current? | 168. a large stream of moving water that flows through the ocean |
| 169. What force drives surface currents? | 169. Wind |
| 170. What drives deep ocean currents? | 170. Differences in salinity (salt) and decrease in temp (cold) |
| 171. Why do currents move in circular patterns? | 171. because of Earth’s rotation |
| 172. What is the Coriolis effect? | 172. the way the earth’s rotation causes winds in the northern hemisphere to curve to the right, and winds in the southern hemisphere to curve to the left. |
| 173. How do surface currents affect climate? | 173. Surface currents heat/cool the air above them, moving that warm/cold air along coastlines, changing T & precipitation |
| 174. What is the main cause of ocean surface currents? | 174. Winds that blow consistently, in regular patterns, over great distances. |
| 175. Give an example of a situation in which there may be less salt in an area of the ocean. | 175. after a heavy rainfall, at the mouth of rivers, etc. |
| 176. Give an example of a situation in which there may be more salt in an area of the ocean. | 176. in hot areas with rapid evaporation or at the poles where the surface water freezes to ice, and the salt is left behind |
| 177. List the ocean floor features from high tide to high tide. | 177.Intertidal zone, continental shelf, continental slope, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plain (again), trench, continental slope, continental shelf, intertidal zone. Off in the distance, you would see seamounts and volcanic islands. |
| 178. What tool would you use to measure air pressure? | 178.Barometer |
| 179. What tool would you use to measure temperature? | 179.Thermometer |
| 180. What tool would you use to measure wind speed? | 180.Anemometer |
| 181. What source of energy drives wind patterns? | 181.The sun |
| 182. After water evaporates and becomes water vapor in the atmosphere, how does it get around? | 182.Convection currents |
| 183. What factors combine to determine if it is going to rain or snow? | 183.Air temperature and the amount of sunlight Earth receives |
| 184. Which absorbs heat more quickly, land or water? | 184.Land |
| 185. What forms when water vapor (a gas) condenses to a liquid around tiny particles in the atmosphere? | 185.Clouds |
| 186. We already learned that the sun drives the water cycle. What are some other weather processes that the sun drives? | 186.Air temperature, type of precipitation, humidity (amount of water vapor in the air given as a % saturation) |
| 187. What does it mean to “seed” a cloud? | 187.To drop small particles into clouds for water to condense onto…..it increases the chance of rain |
| 188. What causes wind? | 188.differences in air pressure caused by the unequal heating of the atmosphere by Mr. Sun. |
| 189. What happens to the sun’s energy as it travels to earth? | 189.some absorbs into the atmosphere, some absorbs into the earth, some is reflected off of the earth’s surface |
| 190. What is the jet stream? | 190.Bands of high speed winds that blow west to east about 10 km above Earth’s surface. They can be 100’s of km wide but only a few km deep. |
| 191. What causes global winds? | 191.Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances; due to the unequal heating of Earth’s surface by the sun |
| 192. Why don’t global winds travel in a straight line as they move from the equator to the poles? | 192.Earth’s rotation causes the Coriolis Effect |
| 193. What are Earth’s 2 most abundant atmospheric gases? | 193.Nitrogen at 78% and Oxygen at 21%. |
| 194. What happens to air pressure as altitude increases? | 194.It decreases |
| 195. Why does air have pressure? | 195.B/c air has mass (meaning it has atoms & molecules, volume & density) |
| 196. The jet stream has a major impact on aviation. How does the jet stream impact weather? | 196.It causes mass movement of the major weather systems from the west to the east/southeast. |
| 197. When does wind blow toward the beach from the ocean and why? | 197.Daytime & b/c land heats more quickly than the water. The hot air above the land rises and the cooler air above the ocean rushes inland and underneath. |
| 198. When does wind blow toward the ocean from the land and why? | 198.Nighttime & b/c land cools more quickly than the ocean. The warm air above the ocean rises and the cool air from the land flows underneath. |
| 199. What are the 3 major types of clouds? | 199.Cumulous (fluffy, cotton-balls), cirrus (thin, high, wispy), and stratus (flat, low, layered, gray) |
| 200. Warm air at the equator ______ and moves toward the poles. Cold air at the poles _____ and flows along Earth’s surface back to the equator in a giant ____ _____. | 200.Rises, sinks, convection current. Remember….warm air has low pressure; cool air has high pressure |
| 201. What kind of air mass forms at the high latitudes? Lower latitudes? | 201.Polar; tropical |
| 202. What kind of air mass forms that is humid and forms over water? Dry and forms over land? | 202.Maritime; continental |
| 203. What are the 4 types of air masses that influence the weather in N.A.? | 203.maritime tropical, continental tropical, maritime polar, & continental polar |
| 204. What are the abbreviations for each air mass and what weather? | 204.In order; mT: wet and warm; cT: dry and warm; mP: wet and cold; cP: dry and cold |
| 205. What kind of weather is associated with a cold front? | 205.Windy, fast moving; If the warm front has a lot of water vapor, there will be lots of rain/storms then clear skies; if not, cloudy then clear. |
| 206. What kind of weather is associated with a warm front? | 206.Slow; if the warm front has a lot of water vapor, there will be showers that last a while; otherwise, cloudy |
| 207. A warm front and a cold front collide. Neither front moves. What type of front forms? What weather? | 207.Stationary front; may drizzle for days |
| 208. What kind of weather is associated with an occluded front? | 208.Cloudy, raining, or snowy with the air near the ground cool |
| 209. What impact do large bodies of water have on the weather AND climate in an area? | 209.It moderates—or makes milder—the conditions which is why the coast of Iceland is livable in the winter! |
| 210. What causes a thunderstorm? | 210.Warm air rises very rapidly and cools forming thunderhead clouds—aka cumulonimbus clouds. |
| 211. What is the difference between weather and climate? | 211.Weather referrers to current or short-term events; climate referrers to the average of year-after-year temperature precipitation winds, clouds in an area. They are both impacted by the sun!!!!!!! |
| 212. What events can change climate? | 212.Volcanoes, War, major air pollution, etc. |
| 213. What is a cyclone? Which way does it turn? | 213.A swirling center of low air pressure—an L on the map; spin in and upward. In the N.H. they spin counterclockwise |
| 214. What is an anticyclone? Which way does it turn? | 214.high-pressure centers of dry air—an H on the map; spin out and down and in the N. H. they spin clockwise. |
| 215. What is needed for a hurricane to develop? | 215.Warm humid air, a maritime tropical LOW, and an ocean to feed it water and strength. |
| 216. What happens when a hurricane hits land? | 216.If it is a smallish island, nothing; if it is a continent, the hurricane “starves” and dies out becoming just a storm, then it dies out. |
| 217. What is the Eye of a hurricane? | 217.The center column of low pressure in a hurricane. It has almost no wind. |
| 218. Do you know all 4 fronts, the types of air masses involved and the weather each produces? | 218.Cold Front- |
| 219. What happens when an air mass reaches 100% humidity? | 219.Rains! |
| 220. What climate zone of Earth receives the least amount of sunlight, on average, in a year? Most? | 220.Polar, tropic |
| 221. What causes the earth’s seasons and weather patterns? | 221.The Earth turns on an axis that is tilted as it orbits around the sun. Therefore, sunlight falls more intensely of different areas of the globe at different times. It is the difference in heating of the Earth’s surface that produces Earth’s seasons and weather patterns. |
| 222. New York City and Omaha, NE are located at about the same latitude. So, why does Omaha have more severe winters and summers? | 222.B/c NYC is located beside an ocean which moderates or makes mild the climate. |
| 223. What is an isobar? | 223.Lines on a weather map connecting areas of equal air pressure. |
| 224. What is an isotherm? | 224.Lines on a weather map connecting areas of equal temperature. |
| 225. Millions of gallons of water pour into the ocean each day. Where’s it coming from? | 225.Rain, rivers, groundwater |
| 226. So, why isn’t the ocean (singular, there is only one ocean) overflowing? | 226. Evaporation rates = precipitation rates + outflow rates |
| 227. What source of energy drives the water cycle? | 227. The sun |
| 228. Give four examples of freshwater sources on earth. | 228. rivers, lakes, ice, ground water |
| 229. Why is most of the fresh water on Earth unavailable for human use? | 229. it is frozen |
| 230. The sun causes energy changes, which triggers what to happen in the W.C.? | 230. It causes water to evaporate |
| 231. What is the only substance to exist naturally in all 3 phases (solid, liquid, and gas) on Earth? | 231. Water |
| 232. In what stage of the water cycle do molecules absorb enough energy to change from a liquid to a gas? | 232. evaporation |
| 233. What do you call the process in which plants release water into the atmosphere? | 233. transpiration |
| 234. What is runoff? | 234.Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground |
| 235. What industry uses the most amount of fresh water in the US? | 235.Agriculture |
| 236. What are some ways to save water? | 236.Only wash full loads, repair leaks, turn off water when brushing teeth or soaping up |
| 237. What is another term for the water cycle? | 237.Hydrologic Cycle |
| 238. How long can it take for a drop of water to complete the water cycle? | 238. Minutes to Millions of years |
| 239. Where is most of Earth’s water? Most fresh water? | 239.Oceans; ice in the polar regions |
| 240. In what stage of the water cycle do water droplets become so heavy that they fall back to earth? | 240.precipitation |
| 241. How do clouds form? | 241.Evaporated gas particles cool as they rise into the atmosphere and turn into liquid droplets that gather around dust particles. |
| 242. In what stage of the water cycle do molecules absorb enough energy to change from a liquid to a gas? | 242.evaporation |
| 243. A wave is the movement of energy through a body of water. What causes most waves? | 243.Wind |
| 244. What are two factors that determine the size of a wave? | 244.strength of wind and distance the wind has been blowing |
| 245. What happens when waves enter shallow water? | 245.The wave height increases as the wavelength decreases and then the wave breaks |
| 246. What are tides? | 246. the daily rise and fall of waters on the coastline due mostly to the moon’s gravitational pull on Earth. |
| 247. What happens to the temperature and pressure as you go deeper into the ocean water? | 247.temperature decreases, pressure increases |
| 248. Label the parts of a wave | 248. crest, trough, wavelength, wave height, amplitude, frequency |
| 249. How deep in the ocean do winds impact the water? | 249.30 m |
| 250. What impacts the movement of energy and water deeper than 30 m? | 250.Density of the water. |
| 251. Spring tides occur twice a month when the earth, moon, and sun are aligned. During what two moon phases do spring tides form? | 251.full moon and new moon |
| 252. Neap tides occur twice a month when the sun and moon pull at right angles to each other. During what two moon phases do neap tides form? | 252.1st & 3rd quarters |
| 253. Sketch the 2 S-E-M alignments for Spring tides. | 253. S-M-E (new moon) & S-E-M (full moon) |
| 254. Sketch the S-E-M alignment for Neap tides. | 254. S (1st quarter) S (3rd Quarter) |
| 255. What % of Earth is water vs. land? | 255.70-ish% water & 30-ish% land |
| 256. What causes day and night? | 256.Earth’s rotation on its axis |
| 257. How long does it take the Earth to make one rotation on its axis? | 257.About 24 hours |
| 258. What is the difference between rotation and revolution? | 258.Rotation is the spinning motion of an object about a central axis. Revolution is the movement of an object around another object—usually in a circular or elliptical orbit. |
| 259. What 2 factors cause the cycle of the seasons? | 259.Earth’s revolution around the sun and the tilt of Earth on its axis. |
| 260. Would Earth have seasons if it was not tilted? | 260.NO! Our climate would not change over time (weather would) |
| 261. Why does the same side of the moon always face the earth? | 261.The moon rotates and revolves in the same amount of time. |
| 262. Where does the light that shines on the moon come from? | 262.The moon’s light comes from the sun. What we see is the sun’s light reflected off of the moon. |
| 263. Why does the lit up part of the moon appear to change shape? | 263.Half the moon is always lit up by the sun. The amount of that ½ we see changes as the moon revolves around Earth. |
| 264. Why do the moon and sun appear to be about the same size? | 264.The moon is 400 times smaller than the sun, but it is also 400 times closer to the earth. This makes them appear to be about the same size. |
| 265. Draw and label the phases of the moon. | 265. Loghts up right to left, then darkens right to left (waxing crescent, 1st quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, 3rd quarter, waning crescent, new |
| 266. Does the sun rise & set? | 266.No! Earth’s counter clockwise rotation on its axis makes the sun to appear to rise & set |
| 267. Does a waxing moon look thinner or wider as each night goes by? | 267.Wider |
| 268. What is a solstice? | 268.The 2 days each year when the noon sun is directly overhead at 23.5 degrees North or 23.5 degrees South; usually June 21 (longest day) & Dec 21 (longest night) |
| 269. What is an Equinox? | 269.The 2 days each year when the noon sun is directly over the equator usually Mar 21 & Sept 23. On both days, the # of minutes of daylight = the # of minutes of nighttime. |
| 270. The moon rotates and revolves at the same rate—27.3 Earth days. What does this mean for the lunar day & year? | 270.Month? 1 day = 1 year! 1 month = 29.5 days |
| 271. Sketch the position of the sun, Earth and moon for a lunar eclipse. | 271. S-E-M |
| 272. Sketch the position of the sun, Earth and moon for a lunar eclipse. | 272. S-M-E |
| 273. Why is there more daylight & warmer temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere during our summer? | 273.B/c the north-pole is tilted toward the sun so that solar radiation is more direct; more direct=more light & more heat IT HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH OUR DISTANCE FROM THE SUN!!! |
| 274. If our moon’s rotation and revolution were slower, what would happen to the lunar day & lunar year? | 274.They would be longer |
| 275. ABOUT how much time passes between each of these phases of the moon: new to 1st Q? 1st Q to full? Full to 3rdQ? 3rd Q to new? | 275.About a week |
| 276. List the planets & asteroid belt in order beginning with the sun. | 276.Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Asteroid Belt, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
| 277. What does heliocentric mean? | 277.Heliocentric: A description of the solar system in which all of the planets revolve around the sun. |
| 278. What does geocentric mean? | 278.Geocentric: A description of the solar system in which all of the planets revolve around Earth. |
| 279. Nuclear fusion of _____________ atoms produces the sun’s energy. This occurs in the sun’s layer called the ____________? | 279.Hydrogen; core |
| 280. What are the forces that hold planets, moons, and any space object in their orbits? | 280.Gravity & inertia |
| 281. Is our sun an old star, young star or middle-aged star? | 281.Middle-aged |
| 282. Which is the largest planet in our solar system? | 282.Jupiter |
| 283. What is the name of the theory used to explain the formation of our universe? | 283. Big Bang |
| 284. One of Galileo’s most important contributions to proving a heliocentric solar system was the discovery of the ______________ of ________________ and the ________ of ________with his new use of a telescope. | 284.four moons of Jupiter & the phases of Venus |
| 285. What is the difference among meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites? | 285.Meteoroids are chunks of rock or dust in space usually from a comet or asteroid; if they enter the Earth’s atmosphere (where they burn as ‘shooting stars’) they are called meteors. If they make it all the way to Earth’s surface (rare) we then call them meteorites (right here). |
| 286. What does the orbit of a comet look like? | 286.elliptical with the tail ALWAYS pointing away from the sun due to solar winds |
| 287. What would happen to orbiting bodies if the sun sudden lost its gravity? | 287.They would fly off in a straight line due to inertia |
| 288. What would happen to orbiting bodies if they suddenly lost their inertia? | 288.gravity from the sun would pull all bodies into the sun |
| 289. What are the three types of galaxies? | 289.Spiral, Elliptical, Irregular |
| 290. What is the Goldilocks Condition? | 290.Not too much, not too little, but “just right” amounts of heat, light, water, and atmosphere to enable water to exist on our planet as a LIQUID. |
| 291. Is a “light-year” a measure of time or a measure of distance? | 291.It is the DISTANCE light travels in one year 300,000km/sec or 5,900,000,000,000 miles! |
| 292. What is the difference between a refracting telescope and a reflecting telescope? | 292.a refracting telescope uses convex lenses to gather and focus light while a reflecting telescope uses mirrors to collect and focus light |
| 293. What is the collision theory about our moon origin and what do we have to support this idea? | 293.a large object collided with Earth, melting parts of Earth as well as the object, then throwing material from both the object and Earth into space where it became captured in Earth’s gravity field and solidified from the molten state to form a spherical satellite: the moon |
| 294. Our solar system formed from a cloud of gas & dust. What is this cloud called? | 294.Nebula |
