| A | B |
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| A behavior is an action that is carried out by ______ under control of the _______ in response to a(n) _____. | muscles, nervous system, stimulus p.1118 |
| A(n) ________ is an action carried out by muscles under control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus. | behavior p.1118 |
| Questions about "how" a behavior occurs or is modified are questions about _____ causation. | proximate p.1119 |
| Questions about "_____" a behavior occurs or is modified are questions about proximate causation. | how p.1119 |
| Questions about "why" a behavior occurs or is modified are questions about _____ causation. | ultimate p.1119 |
| Questions about "_____" a behavior occurs or is modified are questions about ultimate causation. | why p.1119 |
| The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior is called _____. | behavioral ecology p.1119 |
| The study of behavioral ecology is the study of the ____ and ____ basis of animal behavior. | ecological, evolutionary p.1119 |
| An instinctual behavior that is automatically initiated by an external cue called a sign stimulus is called a(n) _______. | fixed action pattern (For example, the male stickleback fish that automatically attack anything if they see the color red on it) p. 1119 |
| A fixed action pattern is an automatic response to an external cue called a(n) ______. | sign stimulus p.1119 |
| _______ is a regular long-distance change in location, like birds that fly south every winter. | Migration p.1119 |
| A(n) ______ rhythm is a daily cycle of rest and activity. | circadian p.1120 |
| A(n) _____ rhythm is an annual change in behavior associated with changes in seasons. Examples of behaviors linked to this type of rhythm include migration and courtship in some animals. | circannual p.1120 |
| A(n) ______ clock is an internal mechanism that helps many animals tell what time of day it is. | circadian p.1119 |
| A(n) ______ is a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another as a means of communication | signal p.1120 |
| A signal is a stimulus transmitted from ____________________. | one animal to another p.1120 |
| The transmission and reception of signals from one animal to another is called ______. | communication p.1120 |
| A series of behaviors involving two animals where a behavior in one animal illicits a predictable behavior in the other animal. That behavior then becomes the stimulus to initiate the next behavior in the first animal. | stimulus-response chain p. 1121 |
| Communication between animals in which the stimulus needs to be seen is called ____. | visual communication p.1121 |
| Communication between animals in which the stimulus needs to be smelled is called ____. | chemical communication (Remember, smell is nothing more than certain chemicals binding to certain receptor proteins on olfactory nerve cells that can send a signal to the brain which then interprets the detection of the molecule as a certain smell) p.1121 |
| Communication between animals in which the stimulus is detected through the sensation of pressure (touch) is called ____. | tactile communication p.1121 |
| Communication between animals in which the stimulus needs to be heard is called ____. | auditory communication p.1121 |
| ______ are chemicals released by an animal and detected by another animal as a means of communication. | Pheromones p.1122 |
| Animals that are active at night are said to be _____. | nocturnal (Diurnal is the term used for animals that feed during the day and crepuscular is the term used for animals that feed at dusk or dawn) p.1122 |
| Animals that are active during the day (like us) are said to be _____. | diurnal (Nocturnal is the term used for animals that feed at night and crepuscular is the term used for animals that feed at dusk or dawn) p.1122 |
| Behaviors that are instinctual (you're born with them already programmed into you) are _____ behaviors | innate p.1123 |
| A(n) _______ study involves taking the young from their parents and placing them in the care of adults from a different species in order to see how much the environment influences behaviors | cross-fostering study p.1123 |
| Research into the influence of the environment on behavioral development of humans often times involves ______ studies. | twin (For example, identical twins put up for adoption to two different families, one in an advantaged household and the other in a disadvantaged household, have shown that academic success is still fairly highly correlated to genetics "ie - nature" compared to the environment in which they were brought up "ie-nurture.") p.1123 |
| Twin studies in humans are often used to measure the degree to which development depends on _____ versus ______. | nature (ie-genetics) versus nurture (ie-the environment) p.1123 |
| The modification of behavior based on specific experiences is called _____. | learning p.1123 |
| A type of learned behavior with innate components, often associated with birds, in which learning must occur at a specific time in the life history of the individual (the _______ period) is called imprinting. | sensitive period (a.k.a. critical period) p.1123 |
| A type of learned behavior with innate components, often associated with birds, in which learning must occur at a specific time in the life history of the individual (the sensitive, or critical period) is called _____. | imprinting p.1123 |
| The establishment of a memory that reflects the environment's spatial structure is called _____ learning | spatial p.1124 |
| A representation in the brain of the spatial relationships between objects in an animals surrounding is called a(n) _____. | cognitive map p.1124 |
| The acquired ability to mentally connect one environmental feature, such as color, with another, such as danger, is called _____ learning. | associative learning p.1125 |
| A type of associative learning in which an arbitrary stimulus is connected to a particular outcome is called ________. | classical conditioning (The famous example is Pavlov's dogs in which a bell was rung as an arbitrary stimulus before feeding. Dogs normally start to salivate when they smell food. After awhile, they started to salivate when they heard the bell, even if no food was ever offered after the bell was sounded). p.1125 |
| Operant conditioning is sometimes informally called " ____ learning." | trial-and-error learning p.1125 |
| _______ is sometimes informally called " trial-and-error learning." | Operant conditioning p.1125 |
| Training an animal using a system that gives mild rewards for the desired behavior and mild punishments for undesirable behavior would be an example of ______ conditioning. | operant p.1125 |
| The process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement is called ______. | cognition p.1126 |
| The cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed from one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles is called _____. | problem solving (You will be doing A LOT of it in this course) p.1126 |
| Learning through the observation of others is called ______. | social learning p. 1127 |
| _______ is a system of information transfer through social learning or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population. | Culture p.1128 |
| ______ behavior is defined as foraging behavior. | Food-obtaining behavior p.1128 |
| Food obtaining behavior is defined as ________ behavior. | foraging p.1128 |
| The optimal foraging model proposes that foraging is a compromise between the __________________. | benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining the food. p.1128 |
| In many animal species, mating is ______, with no strong pair-bonds and a short period of time in which mates stay together. | promiscuous p.1129 |
| _____ mating systems involve strong long-lasting pair-bonds in which a male and a female mate with each other exclusively. | Monogamous (This type of mating system is favored by natural selection when the offspring require a lot of parental care to ensure the offspring survives long enough to have its own offspring. The amount of care required is more than the mother alone can provide) p.1129 |
| __________ mating systems involve the member of one sex mating with several members of the opposite sex. | Polygamous (This type of mating strategy is favored when the amount of parental care needed to ensure the offspring survives long enough to reproduce its own young is not more than the amount the caregiver can provide on its own. In this case, it is an evolutionary advantage that the caregiver mates with the most fit individual of the opposite sex, even if that individual is mating with several other members of that species at the same time) p.1129 |
| _____ is a type of polygamous mating strategy in which a single male mates with many females. | Polygyny (This type of mating strategy is favored when the amount of parental care needed to ensure the offspring survives long enough to reproduce its own young is not more than the amount the mother can provide on her own. In this case, it is an evolutionary advantage that the mother mates with the most fit individual of the opposite sex, even if that individual is mating with several other members of that species at the same time. It is also an evolutionary advantage for the male because it allows him to leave the greatest number of offspring, as long as his parenting isn't as critical for the survival of his offspring) p.1129 |
| _____ is a type of polygamous mating strategy in which a single female mates with many males. | Polyandry (This type of polygamous mating strategy is not very common compared with polygyny, in which one male mates with many females) p.1129 |
| ______ occurs when males of a species are significantly different in size or appearance compared to the females. | sexual dimorphism p.1130 |
| In species that exhibit a polygamous mating strategy, the sex that mates with several members of the opposite sex (usually the males) is often times more _____ and _____ than the mate of the opposite sex. | colorful, larger (Birds are often times like this, with the peacock being a classic example) p.1130 |
| Monogamous mating systems are favored when the amount of parental care required to successfully raise an offspring until it is old enough to mate on its own is ____. | high . p.1130 |
| Polygamous mating systems are favored when the amount of parental care required to successfully raise an offspring until it is old enough to mate on its own is ____. | low (It's usually the male that mates with several female and gives little care or protection to the family afterwards. The male has an evolutionary advantage for passing on its genes by producing more offspring. However, if the number of "surviving" offspring is not as great because the male doesn't help care for and protect its young, then monogamous relationships would be favored instead.) p.1130 |
| Males of a species are (more/less) likely to give parental care if there is more "certainty of paternity." | more p.1130 |
| ______ selection is a form of natural selection in which differences in reproductive success among individuals are a consequence of differences in mating choice (usually by the female) or by mating success (usually among the males). | Sexual p.1131 |
| _______ is a type of sexual selection in which members of one sex choose mates based on the favorable characteristics they perceive in the member of the opposite sex. | Intersexual selection (Remember, the prefix "inter" means between. Think about female lions choosing the biggest strongest male to mate with.) p.1131 |
| _______ is a type of sexual selection involving competition between members of the same sex for mates. | Intrasexual selection (Remember, the prefix "intra" means "within." This type of competition occurs within members of the same sex. Think about male buffalo banging heads until one gives up.) p.1131 |
| _______ involves a contest between individuals of the same sex, where the winner gains access to a resource such as food, or a mate. | Agonistic behavior (Think about male buffalo butting heads to win the heart of the female.) p.1133 |
| ______ theory evaluates alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the individuals involved. | Game theory p.1133 |
| Seemingly unselfish behavior that decreases the likeliness of the individual being able to survive (like a mother jumping in front of a bus to push her child out of harm's way) is called _____. | altruism p.1137 |
| ______ fitness takes into account the fact that an individual can increase the odds that copies of its genes are passed to the next generation more frequently if it acts in altruistic ways to help close relatives (who are likely to have identical copies of many of its genes) survive or protect and help with the care of their offspring. | Inclusive fitness (The term "fitness" involves a measurement of the genetic contribution that an individual makes to the next generation. In general, the more offspring an individual leaves behind, the more copies of its own genes are found in the next generation, and the more fit that individual is thought to be. Since close relatives have many identical copies of genes, helping relatives survive and successfully raise young increases an individual's fitness if the definition of inclusive fitness is incorporated) p.1137 |
| The probability that a particular gene present in one individual will also be inherited from a common parent or ancestor in a second individual. | coefficient of relatedness (= r in Hamiltion's equation C<Br, where C is the cost to the altruist and B is the benefit to the recipient) p.1137 |
| The principal that for natural selection to favor an altruistic act, the benefit to the recipient, devalued by the coefficient of relatedness, must exceed the cost to the altruist. | Hamilton's Rule (C<Br; where C is the cost to the altruist, B is the beneifit to the recipient and r is the coefficient of relatedness; for example, r between brothers is .5 but between first cousins, it is only .125) p.1137 |
| Behavior that reduces an individual's fitness while increasing the fitness of another individual is called ____. | altruism p.1137 |
| What are the odds that one of your genes is also shared by your brother or sister? | 50% p.1138 |
| A phenomenon of inclusive fitness, used to explain altruistic behavior between related individuals. | kin selection p.1138 |
| Explanations of human behavior and culture based on evolutionary theory are proposed in a field of study called _____. | sociobiology p.1139 |
| The reason an individual might help an unrelated individual even if it involves a slight reduction in its own odds of surviving can be explained by the concept of _____ in which the individual expects the favor to be returned if he or she finds him/herself in similar situations. | reciprocal altruism p. 1138 |
| The root word "andro-" means ___. | a man, male, or masculine (an androgen is a male hormone) (polyandry: a polygamous mating system involving one female and many males) |
| The root word "gyno-" means ___. | a woman, female, feminine (a gynecologist is a doctor for females) (polygyny: a polygamous mating system involving one male and many females) |
| The root word "kine-" means ___. | move (kinesis: a change in activity rate in response to a stimulus) |
| The root word "mono-" means ___ and the root word "-gamy" means ____. | one, reproduction (monogamous: a type of relationship in which one male mates with just one female) |
| The root word "poly-" means ____. | many (polygamous: a type of relationship in which an individual of one sex mates with several of the other sex) |
