| A | B |
|---|
| personality | all the consistent, stable, enduring, and unique ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others. |
| unconscious | according to Freud, the part of the mind that holds mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious behaviors. |
| id | in psychoanalytic theory, that part of the unconscious personality that contains our needs, drives, and instincts, as well as repressed material. |
| ego | the part of the personality that is in touch with reality and strives to meet the demands of the id and the superego in socially acceptable ways. |
| superego | the part of the personality that is the source of conscience and conteracts the socially undesirable impulses of the id. |
| defense mechanisms | certain specific means by which the ego unconsciously protects itself against unpleasant impulses or circumstances. |
| collective unconscious | the part of the mind that contains inherited instincts, urges, and memories common to all people. |
| archetype | an inherited idea, image, or concept based on the experiences of one’s ancestors that shapes one’s perception of the world. |
| inferiority complex | a pattern of avoiding feelings of inadequacy and insignificance rather than trying to overcome their source. |
| behaviorism | the belief that the proper subject matter of psychology is objectively observable behavior and nothing else. |
| contingencies of reinforcement | the occurrence of rewards or punishments following particular behaviors. |
| humanistic psychology | a school of psychology that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of maximum potential for each unique individual. |
| self actualization | the humanist term for realizing one’s unique potential. |
| self | one’s experience or image of oneself, developed through interaction with others. |
| positive regard | viewing oneself in a positive light due to positive feedback received from interaction with others. |
| conditions of worth | the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively. |
| unconditional positive regard | the perception that individuals’ significant others value them for what they are, in their entirety, which leads the individuals to grant themselves the same unconditional positive regard. |
| fully functioning | an individual whose person and self coincide. |
| trait | an aspect of personality with a tendency to react to a situation in a way that remains stable over time. |
| cardinal trait | a characteristic or feature that is so pervasive the person is almost indentified with it. |
| factor analysis | a complicated statistical technique used to identify the underlying reasons variables are correlated. |
| surface trait | a stable characteristic that can be observed in certain situations. |
| source trait | a stable characteristic that can be considered to the at the core of personality. |
| extravert | an outgoing, active person who directs his or her energies and interests toward other people and things. |
| introvert | a reserved, withdrawn person who is more preoccupied with his or her inner thoughts and feelings than in what is going on around him or her. |
