| A | B |
|---|
| absolute deprivation | The minimum level of subsistence below which families or individuals should not be expected to exist. |
| affirmative action | Positive efforts to recruit subordinate group members including women for jobs, promotions, and education opportunities. |
| Bakke v. Regents of California | Prohibited specific number of places for minorities in college admissions. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | Stated that "separate but equal" facilities, including education, was unconstitutional. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | This was the most important legislative effort to eradicate discrimination. |
| discrimination | The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or for other arbitrary reasons. |
| double jeopardy | The subordinate status twice defined, as experienced by women of color. |
| dual labor market model | Division of the economy into two areas of employment, the secondary one of which is populated primarily by minorities working at menial jobs. |
| environmental justice | Efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstances. |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) | Had the power to investigate complaints against employers and to recommend action to the Department of Justice. |
| glass ceiling | The barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership. |
| glass wall | A barrier to moving laterally in a business to positions that more likely lead to upward mobility. |
| informal economy | Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government. Common in inner-city neighborhoods and poverty-stricken rural areas. |
| institutional discrimination | A denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals or groups resulting from the normal operations of a society. |
| institutional racism | A term reserved for covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. |
| irregular or underground economy | Transfers of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government. Common in inner-city neighborhoods and poverty-stricken rural areas. |
| relative deprivation | The conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. |
| reverse discrimination | Actions that cause better qualified White males to be passed over for women and minority men. |
| San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriquez | The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that attendance at an underfinanced school in a poor district does not constitute a violation of equal protection. |
| states' rights | The principle, reinvoked in the late 1940s, that holds that each state is sovereign and has the right to order its own affairs without interference by the federal government. |
| total discrimination | The combination of current discrimination with past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs. |
| underclass | Lower-class members who are not a part of the regular economy and whose situation is not changed by conventional assistance programs. |
