| A | B |
|---|
| blending concept of inheritance is | not true |
| how Mendel came up with genetics | statistical study- math |
| geneis made up of | 2 alleles |
| a dominant allele masks | the expression of a recessive allele |
| homozygous | 2 identicle alleles for a trait |
| heterozygous | possessing unlike alleles for a trait |
| pheneotype | what it looks like |
| monohybrid cross | single trait |
| test cross | cross between individual with a dominant phenotype and an idividual w/ recessive phenotype |
| heterozygous x homozygous ratio (monohybrid) | 1:1 |
| heterozygous x heterozygous ratio (monohybrid) | 3:1 |
| homozygous x homozygous ratio (monohybrid) | 4:0 |
| dyhibrid inheritance | genes segregate independantly in meiosis |
| incomplete dominace | 3 different pheno types |
| co dominance | both alleles are equally and fully expressed |
| name 2 examples of codomiance | blood type & sickle cell anemia |
| pleiotropy | impact of a single gene on more than one trait |
| 2 examples of pleiotrophy | marfan syndrome & sickle cell anemia |
| characteristics of marfan syndrome | tall, thin, long arms, legs, & fingers, weak aortic walls |
| marfan happens because of the inability to produce the protein | fibrillin |
| epistasis | The masking of the phenotypic effect of alleles at one gene by alleles of another gene. |
| epistasis gives a non typical | phenotypic ratio |
| whats the clue for episatsis | it gives a nontypical phenotypic ratio other than 9:3:3:1 |
| blood type in humans is controlled by | 3 different alleles |
| 4 possible blood phenotypes | A, B, AB, O |
| A blood type 2 different alleles | AA,AO |
| B blood type 2 different alleles | BB, BO |
| blood types are dependant upon | whether an antigen is present & which antigen |
| antigen | any foreign body entering the blood |
| antibody | react to antigens by fusing with them & destroying them |
| RH+ is | dominant |
| RH - is | recessive |
| Rh factor is very important when | pregnant |
| either you have Rh factor or | you don't |
| Rh disease | erthroblastosis (hemolytic disease of the newborn HDC |
| RBC of an Rh+ child will leak across | the placental barrier into the mothers circulatory system |
| polygenic inhertance | 1 trait is governed by several genes occupying diff. loci on the same or different homolgus chromosomes |
| polygenic inhertiance examples | seed color in wheat, skin color, height, eye color |
| the genotype only specifies the organisms | potential to develope and function |
| not all individuals who are known to ahve a particular genotype | show the phenotype specified by the genotype |
| huntingtons chorea is a | dominant mutation |
| huntingtons happens when people are | middle aged and have passed the gene off to their offspring |
| human eye color is | polygenic |
| epigenome | above your senses and thoughts |
| eye color is | polygenic |
| in blue eyes there is no pigement found | in the front layer |
| in brown eyes | there is so much pigment in the front |
| blue eyes contain less | melanin |
| amount of pigment in the eyes is determined by | number of genes controlling pigment production |
| albino eyes have no pigment | in either layer |
| brown eyes are dominant over | green eyes |
| green eyes are dominant over | blue eyes |
| can 2 blue eyes parents have a child with brown or green eyes | yes |
| can paternity be determined by eye color | no |
| peoples eyes can change color because of | increaed pigment |
| universal donor | O |
| universal receiver | AB |
| factors in the external environment influence | gene expression |
| temperature determines male & female in some | turtles, lizards, and crocodiles |
| XX | female |
| XY | male |
| Y chrmosomes determine | the sex of an individual |
| individuals that lack a Y chrmosome are | female |
| in some birds, lizards and snakes | the female determines the sex |
| humans have how many chromosomes | 23 |
| duchenes, muscular dystrophy and hemophillia are | lethal |
| examples of X linked traits | red- green co,orblindness & hemophilia |
| 2 examples of dominant X linked traits | faulty tooth enamel, & discoloration, and webbing of toes |
| X linked dominant traits are more frequent in | females |
| X linked dominant traits tend to be milder | in females |
| Y linked inheritance should be recognizeable because every son of an affected male | should have the trait and no female should ever express it |
| hormone system overides | genetic system |
| in balness the allele is dominant in | males |
| in balness the allele is recessive in | females |
| why is baldness more frequent in men | because of testosterone production |
| polyploidy | more than 2 sets of complete chromosomes |
| polyploidy is common in | plants |
| epigenetics | a factor that changes the phenotype w/o changng genotype |
| geonomic imprinting | expression of a gene depends upon the parent who passed on the gene |
| examples of geonomic imprinting | prader willi syndrome, angleman syndrome |
| genomic imprinting in angelmans syndrome is because it is due to the | deletion of the same part of chromosome 15 |
| prader will syndrome symptoms | chronic feeling of being hungry |
| angelmans syndrome | seizures, frequent laughing or smiling, small head size |
| monoploidy & polyploidy change in the number of | complete sets of chromosomes |
| monploidy & polyploidy are lethal for most | animal cells but tolerated by plants |
| a monoploid individual has only | one set of chromosomes |
| aneuploidy | extra or missing chromosome on chromosome 23 |
| nondisjunction | the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage 2, specifically in the anaphase |
| trisomy | 2n+1 : extra chromosome |
| monosomy | 2n-1 missing chrmosome |
| many trisomys and monosomies are | fatal |
| downs syndrome is | trisomy- 21 |
| examples of autosomal aneuploidy | down's syndrome, patau's syndrome, edward syndrome |
| downs syndrome is a mistake at | meosis |
| syndrome | a group of symptoms |
| down's syndrome symptoms | mental retardation. short hands, below ave. height |
| patau's syndrome symptoms | cleft lip and palate, polydactytl, most die before 3 months |
| edwards syndrome symptoms | small at birth, misscarriages or infant dies within a year |
| turners syndrome is a | monosomy 1 extra chromosome |
| poly X is known as a | super female and is a trisomy |
| turners syndrome is found in | females |
| poly X is found only in | females |
| kleinfelters syndrome is a | trisomy |
| Jacob's syndrome is a | trisomy |
| kleinfelters is only found in | males |
| jacobs syndrome is only found in | males |
| syndrome with problem with the father in meosis II | Jacob's syndrome |
| dominant mutations are not always seen because | they are expressed as lethal |
| huntingtons disease is on a | timer |
| inbreeding brings out | all the bad genes |
| PKU phyenylketonuria lacks an enezyme needed for | metabolisom of the amino acid phenylalanine |
| chromosomal abnormalties is the | wrong number of chromosomes |
| a reason for chromosomal abnormalties in Meosis I | pairs don't separate |
| in chrmosomal abnormalties in meosisII | sister chromatids don't separate |
| ex. of autoisomal diseases | down's syndrome, patau's syndrome, edward's syndrome |
| ex. of sex chromosome syndromes | turner's syndrome, klienfelter's syndrome |
| deletion of gebes, duplication of genes inversion of genes cause | permanent problems |
| translocation of genes | homolgus chromosomes break and bind to the other |
| microevolution | small changes |
| macroevolution | big changes |
| macroeveolution does not follow | the scientific method |
| microevolution | reshuffles exsisting genes |
| in microevolution the gene pool remains | the same |
| microevolution is accpted by | all scientists at this time |
| macroevolution has never been | observed |
| macroevolution is | random, chance, unpredictable |
| hardy weinberg law measures to see if microevolution | has taken place |
| To validate the hardy weinburg what 5 conditions must be true | no mutations, no gene flow, no gentic drift, no selection, & no random matng |
| In sexually reproducing organisms varaiation ids primarily due to | crossing over, indp. assort., fertilization |
| inbreeding is bad because it usually increases | the frequency of recessive abnormalties in the phenotype |
| an example of random mating | tree pollen being blown by the wind |
| genetic drift is due to | chance alone |
| the founder effect makes | population different ex. the amish |
| the bottleneck effect is a population | subjected to near extinction |
| ex of bottleneck effect | cheetahs because of mass inbreeding after bottleneck |
| if variation in a population decreases, the ability to adapt decreases | there is an increase in the posssiblity of extinction |
| natural selection is | differential reproduction or survival of the fittest |
| example of natural selection | lichens on trees and the amount of dark and light moths being eaten |
| species | organisms that can breed with each other and have fertile offspring |
| horse and donkey can mate but are | different species |
| gene flow occurs between members | of the same species in different populations |
| population is a group of organisms of the same | species in the same place at the same time |
| speciation | splitting one species into 2 or more species |
| allopatric speciation means | different speciation |
| sympatric speciation means | the same species |
| geographic isolation is when populations are separated by a | geographic barrier that prevents them from reproducing w/ each other |
| allopatric speciation is the more | common means of speciation |
| sympatric speciation is speciation within | the same area |
| polyploidy in plants is the multiplication of | chromosome number in certain plants of a single population |
| adaptive radiation | rapid developememt of many new species from a single ancetral type |
