| A | B |
|---|
| urbanization | shift in population from rural areas to cities |
| London | Britain's capital and largest city in Europe in 1800s |
| problems due to rapid growth of cities | poor sanitary conditions, workers lived in slums, widespread illness |
| working conditions in English factories | long hours, dangerous conditions led to shortened life span |
| middle class | social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers |
| child labor | children as young as 6 worked long hours, beaten by supervisors |
| changes in British social class system | middle class grew, upper middle class became wealthier than landowners |
| social classes that immediately benefited from Industrial Revolution | middle and upper classes |
| working class | gradually benefited from industrialization after forming labor unions |
| advantages that made Manchester an industrial center | water power, labor, port at nearby Liverpool |
| environmental results of industrialization | air pollution, polluted rivers |
