| A | B |
|---|
| The period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the Union was called— | Reconstruction |
| After the Civil War, which government agency provided food, schools, and medical care for freed African Americans and others in Virginia? | Freedmen’s Bureau |
| A system in which freedmen and poor white farmers rented land from landowners by promising to pay the owners with a share of the crops was called — | sharecropping |
| An unfair difference in the treatment of people is called— | discrimination |
| What happened to the rights of African Americans after Reconstruction? | Gains in freedom and rights were lost when Jim Crow laws were passed by Southern states. |
| What were “Jim Crow” laws? | Laws that established segregation, or separation of the races, and reinforced prejudices held by whites |
| The separation of people, usually based on race or religion, is called— | segregation |
| After Reconstruction, unfair poll taxes and voting tests were established to keep African American men from voting. This is an example of how African Americans’ lives were affected by— | “Jim Crow” laws |
| What happened to the rights of African Americans during Reconstruction? | African Americans were allowed to vote and began to have power in Virginia’s government |
| What in Virginia grew with people, businesses and factories? | cities |
| What was a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry in Virginia? | railroads |
| What need increased in Virginia after the Civil War and Reconstruction? | More and better roads |
| What was discovered in Tazewell County that grew into an industry in southwest Virginia? | Coal deposits |
| Why did Virginia’s agricultural society begin to change during the early 20th century? | Old systems of farming were no longer effective and crop prices were low. |
| Why did Northern Virginia experience growth during the 20th century? | Increase in the number of federal jobs |
| Abolishment of racial segregation was called— | desegregation |
| Full equality of people of all races in the use of public facilities and services is called— | integration |
| What was the name of the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in 1954 that declared “separate but equal” public schools were unconstitutional? | Brown versus Board of Education |
| What was the name of the policy in Virginia that fought to “resist” the integration of public schools? | Massive Resistance |
| Who was the Virginia governor who led the Massive Resistance movement against the desegregation of public schools? | Harry F. Byrd, Sr. |
| What contribution did Maggie L. Walker make to 20th century Virginia? | First African American woman bank president in the United States |
| What contributions did Harry F. Byrd, Sr. make to 20th century Virginia? | Governor known for a “Pay as You Go” policy for road improvements and modernizing the Virginia state government. |
| Who was the first African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship and was also an author and spokesperson for social change? | Arthur R. Ashe, Jr. |
| Who was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States? | L. Douglas Wilder |
