| A | B |
|---|
| Water Cycle | Process of recycling water throughout our planet |
| condensation | occurs when water cools and changes from gas to liquid |
| evaporation | occurs when water is heated and changes from liquid to gas |
| transpiration | occurs as water exits the leaves of trees as water vapor |
| precipitation | occurs when water falls to the earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail |
| Percentage of Earth's Water that is salt water | 97% |
| Percetage of Earth's water that is fresh water | 3% |
| Percentage of Fresh water frozen in ice | 76% |
| Percentage of Fresh Water in ground water | 23% |
| Percentage of Freshwater in rivers, lakes, and streams | 0.34% |
| Polarity | refers to molecules that have a positively charged region and negatively charged region |
| Hydrogen Bonds | attraction between Hydrogens of one water molecule to the Oxygen of another water molecul |
| Cohesion | attractive force between molecules of the same substance; causes surface tension is water |
| adhesion | attractive forces between different types of molecules |
| Capillary action | ability of water to pull itself up thin tubes, like roots of plants |
| Universal Solvent | Water can dissolve many different materials |
| Low Density of ice | allows ice to float atop liquid water |
| pH | measures the acidity and basicity of substances |
| pH range of acids | Strong=1-7=weak |
| pH range of bases | Weak= 7 - 14 = strong |
| Compounds that create acid rain | sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides |
| Main Source of SO2 and NO | Humans or pollution |
| pH of pure water | pH=7 |
| pH of "normal" rain | pH= 5.6 |
| pH of acid rain | pH= 4.2-4.6 |
| infiltration | when water moves through rock and soil and settles beneath the surface |
| runoff | when water moves along Earth's surface |
| Effluent | wastewater from factories or power plants that is released directly into a water supplies |
| Thermal Pollution | Power plants, factories use nearby surface water as coolant for heat produced |
| Nutrient Runoff | Phosphates and nitrates from fertilizer, detergents |
| Algae Bloom | when algae grows out of control; leads to death of fish |
| Eutrophication | Nutrient overload, leads to algae bloom, leads to increased bacteria using up oxygen, leads to death of fish |
| Sewage | Polluted water that contains human waste, garbage and other household wastewater |
| Waterborne illness | Protists, bacteria, viruses that cause disease |
| Point Source Pollution | pollution that enters water resources at an easily identifiable, distinct location through a direct route; example effluent |
| Nonpoint Source Pollution | pollution where you cannot pinpoint the source; example road salt |
| Bioaccumulation of Mercury | Doses of mercury increase as trophic level increases |
| Water Treatment | process to make water safe to drink |
| Steps of water treatment | 1st filtration, coagulation, 2nd filtration, chlorination, aeration |
| Purpose of chlorination | disinfect; kill pathogens |
| Water Quality Report | Report that summarizes the levels of contaminants in public water sources |
| Source of our public water | Ground water/aquifers |
| MCL of water quality report | Maximum Contaminant Level; highest level of contaminant that is allowed in drinking water |
| Watershed | drainage basin; total area that drains into a water source |
| Watershed Function | Temporarily Store and transport water from surface to nearest water body and ultimately the ocean |
| Boudaries of Watershed | Determined by areas of highest elevation; using a topographic map |
| Stream Order | Categorized rivers and streams by properties |
| Low Stream Order | Narrow, shallow, warmer, slow velocity, Rocky/jagged substrate, low turbidity/clearer |
| High Stream order | wide, deep, cooler, faster velocity, smooth/sandy substrate, high turbidity/murky |
| Substrate | Materials on the bottom of a river or stream |
| Turbidity | refers to the material suspended in the water of a river or stream; determines clearness or murkiness of water |
| Wetlands | area of land in which water covers the soil or near the surface for at least a large portion of the year |
| Coastal Wetlands | Wetlands near an ocean and results in a mixture of saltwater of the ocean and fresh water from inland |
| Noncoastal wetlands | Inland Wetlands; found on floodplain along rivers and near lakes |
| Function of wetlands | natural water quality improvement; flood protection; erosion control; fish and wildlife habitat; recreation/aesthetics; natural products |
| Causes of loss of wetlands | invasive species; global warming/climate change; natural disasters; pollution; human development |
| Protection for Wetlands | EPA & US Army Corp of Engineers converse, restore, and monitor |
| Benthic Macroinvertebrates | bottom-dwelling organisms that lack backbones but are large enough to see without a microscope |
| Bioindicators | sensitive to chemical and physical changes in environment; live in the water for longer periods of time; unable to move or escape pollution; easy to catch and monitor; |
| Bioindicator examples | leeches; stonefly larva; caddisfly larva; mayfly larva; gilled snail; water penny larva; scud; midge worm; sewage worm; etc. |
