| A | B |
|---|
| turnpikes | Inland toll roads built by private companies (315) |
| National Road | The first major road leading west paid for by the federal government went from Maryland to Illinios. (315-316) |
| river travel | This type of travel was more comfortable & could haul heavy loads, but did not help Americans travel very far west. (315) |
| Robert Fulton | He built the first powerful steamboat to carry passengers in New York. (316) |
| Clermont | Robert Fulton's steamboat carried passengers from New York City to Albany in 32 hours in 1807. (316-317) |
| Cotton Gin | Invented by Eli Whitney which changed the way cotton was harvested in the south forever. |
| Osceola | He led the Seminole in wars against the U.S. government in the 1830's & 1840's. (344) |
| Oklahoma | Nicknamed "Indian Territory", this is where Indians east of the Mississippi River were sent. (342) |
| Trail of Tears | The Cherokee's forced journey to Indian Territory in 1838. (343-344) |
| Indian Removal Act | The 1830 law that allowed the federal government to pay Native Americans to move west to Indian Territory. (342) |
| Andrew Jackson | This U.S. President supported the relocation of Indians to Oklahoma. (342-343) |
| Black Hawk | The Sauk chieftain whose people were slaughtered by the U.S. Army in 1832 when they tried to recapture their homeland in Illinois. (344) |
| The Five Civilized Tribes | Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw & Choctaw - the largest Native American groups in the Southeast. (341) |
| Cherokee | They adapted to American culture and won a Supreme Court decision, but most were forced off their homeland in the Smoky Mountains anyway. (343) |
| Worcester v. Georgia | The Supreme Court decision won by the Cherokee in 1832. (343) |
| Seminole | The name for the Native Americans who used guerilla tactics against the U.S. in their struggle to remain in Florida. (344-345) |
| forty- niners | The 80,000 people who flocked to California in search of gold in 1849. pg 375 |
| boomtowns | As people rushed to a new area to look for gold, they built new communities almost overnight called ________________. pg 376 |
| vigilantes | Mining towns had no police or prisons, so concerned citizens formed vigilance committees to protect themselves. These men were called __________. pg 377 |
| Mormons | Religious group who made the largest single migration in American history when 12,000 people moved to Utah. pg 378 |
| Joseph Smith | Founder of the Mormons in New York who was later killed by a disapproving mob. pg 377-378 |
| Gold Rush | In 1849 when thousands of people migrated to California with hopes of getting rich off finding gold. pg. 375-376 |
| California | Home to the gold rush, _____________ struggled to become a state because it banned slavery. pg. 377 |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | The 1819 treaty in which Spain gave up its claim to Oregon & sold Florida to America. (357) |
| Russia | Spain, Britain, America and ________ all claimed part of the Oregon country in the early-1800's.(357) |
| Britain | This country shared joint-occupation of the Oregon Country with America, from 1818 until 1846. (357) |
| Mountain Men | The fur-trappers that learned a great deal about the American West in the early-1800's. (357-358) |
| Oregon Country | The area between the Pacific & the Rockies north of California. (356) |
| Oregon Trail | The 2,000 mile path that led to the Oregon Country. (358) |
| Manifest Destiny | The idea that it was America's destiny to spread to the Pacific Ocean. (359-360) |
| Fifty-four Forty or Fight | President James Polk's 1844 campaign slogan about American ownership of the Oregon Country. (360) |
| Loyalists | People in America who remained on the side of Britain. (145) |
| Battle of Bunker Hill | Battle to control strategic high ground of Boston in June 1775. (145) |
| Shot Heard 'Round the World | Name given to gunshots that started the Revolutionary War in Lexington, Massachusetts. (144) |
| Continental Congress | Leaders from the colonies met in Philadelphia in 1774 to act together against the British government. (141-142) |
| Patriots | People who wanted to fight for American independence from Britain. (145) |
| Lexington & Concord | Two Massachusetts towns where the Revolutionary War began on April 18, 1775. (143-144) |
| Paul Revere | Sons of Liberty member who warned Massachusetts citizens that British soldiers were coming. (143) |
| Continental Army | America's army created by the Second Continental Congress in 1775. (148) |
| George Washington | The man chosen to be the commander of America's Continental Army. (148) |
| Olive Branch Petition | The final formal request for peace and protection of rights made to King and Parliament by the Second Continental Congress. (148-149) |
| Common Sense | Thomas Paine's 1776 pamphlet that called for complete indepenence from Britain. (149-150) |
| Second Continental Congress | Group of colonial leaders that began to govern the colonies and discuss independence in 1775. (147-148, 150) |
| Boston | On March 17, 1776, the Continental Army regained control of the city of ______ without a fight. (149) |
| Thomas Jefferson | He was the primary writer of the Declaration of Independence. (150) |
| John Hancock | This leader of the Continental Congress boldly signed the Declaration of Independence first and large enough that "King George could read it without his glasses". (150) |
| July 4, 1776 | America's birthdate. The date the Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress. (150) |
| Declaration of Independence | The historic document that boldly announces America's independence from Britain. (150-151, 154-156) |
| George Washington | He led the Continental Army across the Delaware River on a surprise attack at Trenton, New Jersey. (167) |
| Battle of Saratoga | This turning-point victory in northern New York in 1777 ruined the British war plan. (168) |
| Deborah Sampson | She disguised herself as a boy to join the Continental Army. (165) |
| The American Crisis | In this 1776 pamphlet, Thomas Paine urged Patriots to not give up. (166) |
| Hessians | Mercenaries from Germany hired by Britain to fight in America. (164) |
| Loyalists | ____________, or Tories, were expected to help Britain win the Revolutionary War. ___________ strength was greatest in the Carolinas & Georgia, and weakest in New England. (163-164) |
| Hudson River | The British plan to win the war in 1777 involved controlling this body of water to separate New England from the rest of the colonies. (167) |
| Philadelphia | By October 1777, Britain captured this American capital city. (168) |
| Trenton & Princeton | Two New Jersey cities where Americans scored daring victories in the winter of 1776-1777. (167) |
| Molly Pitcher | Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley earned this nickname for carrying water pitchers to American soldiers on the battlefield. (165) |
| inflation | Congress printed too much money during the war, which led to rising prices. (175) |
| France | After victory at Saratoga, _________ declared war on Britain & sent money, supplies & troops to help America. (173) |
| Spain | ________ joined the war against Britain in 1779 & began attacking British forts in present-day LA, MS, AL & FL. (173) |
| Loyalists | They fought & spied for Britain. Some left America. Those who stayed were treated cruelly. (175) |
| Saratoga | The victory at this New York town convinced France to join America in the Revolutionary War. (172-173) |
| slavery | The revolution caused many Americans to question __________. NJ, VT, NH, MA & PA all moved to abolish __________ in their states. (175-176) |
| Marquis de Lafayette | He came from France to to become General Washington's trusted aide. (174) |
| Valley Forge | Twenty miles from Philadelphia, this is where the Continental Army spent the difficult winter of 1777-1778. (173-174) |
| Benjamin Franklin | He persuaded French leaders to join the war against Britain. (172-173) |
| Friedrich von Steuben | He came from Germany to train the Continental Army at Valley Forge. (174) |
| Francis Marion | This "Swamp Fox" led small bands of South Carolina militia men on guerrilla attacks to weaken British armies in the South. (180) |
| George Rogers Clark | He led the Virginia militia in capturing British military bases to strengthen America's position in the West. (178) |
| John Paul Jones | This naval officer led his crew in capturing the British warship, Serapis, in 1779. (179) |
| Charles Town | After Savannah fell, this city was captured by Britain in 1780. Thousands were taken prisoner in America's worst defeat of the war. (180) |
| Joseph Brant | He led the Mohawk people on brutal attacks of Americans in New York & Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War. (178) |
| Articles of Confederation | America's first plan for a national government. (194) |
| states | Under the Articles of Confederation, the 13 ___________ kept most power, while Congress was weak. (194) |
| constitution | A written plan of government. (193) |
| Spain | Congress could do nothing when this country closed the lower Mississippi River to American shipping. (198) |
| Britain | In the 1780's, Congress could not solve problems with this country about soldiers in the Great Lakes region, trade issues & treatment of Loyalists. (197-198) |
| Congress | Under the Articles of Confederation, the ___________ could not collect taxes or enforce laws. (194-195) |
| depression | A prolonged period of economic difficulties. (199) |
| James Madison | He wrote the Virginia Plan & took careful notes at the convention. (202-203) |
| Philadelphia | In 1787, the Constitutional Convention took place in the Pennsylvania State House in this city. (202) |
| Constitutional Convention | Name given to the 1787 summer-long meeting where a new American plan of government was written. (202) |
| Virginia Plan | James Madison's plan for a strong national government with three branches. (202-203) |
| New Jersey Plan | Small states' plan that called for equal representation in Congress. (203) |
| Great Compromise | Agreement that satisfied big & small states with proportional respresentation in the House of Representatives & equal representation in the Senate. (204) |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that 60% of slaves would count towards representation in the House of Representatives. (204) |
| Bill of Rights | List of individual rights that some wanted added to the Constitution. (205) |
| Shays's Rebellion | 1787 Massachusetts farmers' revolt that showed America's need for a stronger national government. (200) |
| Missouri River | Lewis & Clark struggled against the current of this river on the first leg of their journey. (284) |
| Louisiana Territory | The vast area that stretched from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains. (283) |
| secede | Federalists in New England plotted to ___________, and start a new nation called "The Northern Confederacy" because they were unhappy about the Louisiana Purchase. (285) |
| Meriwether Lewis | President Jefferson chose him to lead a journey to explore the American West. (284) |
| Sacagawea | This Shoshone Indian served as a valuable guide and translator to the Lewis & Clark expedition. (284) |
| Thomas Jefferson | This President quickly made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, doubling America's size. (283) |
| France | The nation America purchased the Louisiana Territory from in 1803. (283) |
| William Clark | Meriwether Lewis chose him to co-lead the expedition. He drew the first accurate maps of the American West. (284) |
