| A | B |
|---|
| Communist Manifesto-- | 848 publication written by the German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx. Predicted class struggle that would lead to classless society. All means of production owned by community. |
| Reform Act of 1832 | Redistributed seats in the House of Commons, giving representation to large town and cities, eliminating rotten boroughs. Enlarged electorate by granting suffrage to more men. Did keep property requirement for voting. Gave greater political voice to middle class men. |
| People’s Charter | Created by protesters of Chartist movement. demanded universal male suffrage, annual parliamentary elections, salaries for members, and a secret ballot. |
| Catholic Emancipation Act | Allowed Catholics to vote and hold political office |
| The Great Hunger | Also known as the great famine. Potato blight spread through Ireland, killing most potatoes. Many Irish died. Left great bitterness for Britain from Ireland |
| Second Empire | French government under the rule of Napoleon |
| Third Republic | visional government in France after Napoleon’s capture |
| Zionism | a movement devoted to rebuilding a Jewish state in Palestine. |
| Manifest Destiny | Claim of Americans that the nation was destined to spread across the entire continent, from sea to sea |
| Fifteenth Amendment | US cant deny the right of any citizen to rote based on race. Gave African Americans the right to vote. |
| Populists and Progressives | Populists were farmers and city workers. Wanted to defend intrests. Never became a major party, but ideas were passed such as 8 hour work day. Progressive sought to ban child labor, regulate monopolies, give voters more power. Also, gain women right to vote |
| Pan-Slavism | movement to unify all Slavs, main focus was in the Balkans. |
| Triple Alliance/Central Powers | Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy |
| Allies | Britain, France, Russia |
| Black Hand | Serbian terrorist group responsible for killing Arch Duke Ferdinand |
| The Schlieffen Plan | Germany policy designed to avoid a 2 front war, with France and Russia. Germany should move against France 1st because Russia’s military would be to slow to mobalize. Defeat France quickly, then turn and fight Russia. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Peace treaty between Russia and Central powers. Ended Russian involvement in WWI because of the Russian Rebellion |
| Lusitania-- | 1915 German sub torpedoed British liner. Germany justified it by saying liner was carrying weapons. US threatened to cut of Diplomatic relations, germany lessened sub campaign |
| Zimmerman Note-- | Brit intercepted note from German abasador Zimmerman to Mexico. Germany would help Mexico regain lost US land if Mexico supported Germany. Led to US joining war |
| Fourteen Points-- | A list of terms for resolving WWI and future wars. Issued by Wilson. Freedom of seas, free trade, large scale reduction of arms, and an end to seceret treaties. Self determination, general association of nations |
| Treaty of Versailles | Germany had to assume full blame for war, huge reparataions, limited size of german military, returned Alsace adn Lorrain to france, no overseas colonies, removed territory from east and west territory. Greatly resented by Germans. Led to WWII |
| March Revolution | Food and fuel shortages and battlefield lossed and strikes forced Tsar to abdicate throne. Workers were on strike. Duma politicians set up provisional government. Then Bolsheviks took charge |
| November Revolution | After Kerensky offensive Bolsheviks and Red Guards joined with mutinous sailors and attacked provisonal government. Bolsheviks seized power in other cities. Lenin and Bolsheviks in charge |
| Russian Civil War | 3 year war between "reds" communists, and counterrevolutionary "whites". Nationalist groups from former non russian regions joined fight. Allies interviened to help Whites. Allies didn't help Whites. Reds appealed to nationalism and urged Russians to drive foreigners out. Used terror to control |
| New Economic Policy-- | Lenin did away with war communism on the economic front.Allowed some capitalist ventures, state kept control of banks, foreign trade, and large industries, small businesses were allowed to reopen for private profit |
| Five Year Plans | Proposed by Stalin. Aimed at building heavy industry, improving transportation and increasing farm output. There were several of these. All industry under government control. |
| Mein Kampf-- | Hitler wrote about plans to create master race, his hatred for Jews, and his goal of world domination |
| Third Reich | Empire that Hitler predicted would last 1,000 years- lasted 12 because of Germany’s loss |
| Spanish Civil War | led by Francisco Franco. Fascists, Nationalists, and right wings vs loyalists, communists, and democracy. Other nations threw their support and troops behind the different sides. Franco won and created a fascists dictatorship. Horrible atrocities were committed. |
| Appeasement at Munich | September 1938. Brit and French leaders caved to Hitler’s demands that Sudetenland be part of Germany. In exchange Hitler promised to not extend nation further. |
| Neutrality Acts | sed by US congress in mid 1930’s. Forbade sale of arms to any nation at war. Outlawed loans to warring nations. Prohibited Americans from traveling on ships of warring powers. #1 goal was to avoid involvement in European war, not to prevent conflict. |
| Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact | Bound Hitler and Stalin to peaceful relations. Had agreed not to fight if the other went to war and to divide up Poland and other parts of Eastern Europe between them. Both feared each others form of government |
| Invasion of Poland-- | September 1, 1939. Germany Invades. 2 days later Britain and French declared war on Germany. Official start of WWII. |
| Nuremberg Laws | Deprived Jews of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them |
| Kristallnacht | Night of Broken Glass. Mazi mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany and Austria. Started when Hitler retaliated against a young jewish man shot a German diplomat. |
| The Final Solution | Hitlers final plan to kill all of the Jewish people |
| Blitzkrieg | Lighting war. German strategies. Utilized improved tank and airpower technology . Air force struck 1st, then fast moving tanks, and encircled troops forcing them to surrender. |
| Battle of Britain | Continuous bombing of London in a German effort to take the city. Never conquered. |
| Operation Barbarossa-- | Invasion of Soviet Union. Hitler wanted to defeat Stalin and crush communism. 3 million Germans invaded, Stalin was caught unprepared. Soviet Union destroyed its own resources while retreating so Germany wouldn’t get them. |
| Arsenal of Democracy | The idea that the US was the primary military supplier to the Allies. US increased industry and war production. |
| Pearl Harbor | December 7, 1941. Japanese air strike on US naval fleet. Caused US to enter war. 2,400 Americans died. |
| El Alamein | Battle in Africa. Allies assaulted “Desert fox’s/Rommels” Advance. Tanks drove axis powers back across Libya and tunisa. |
| D Day | Invasion of France. June 6 1944. Dropped paratroopers and stormed French beaches. Brit and American soldiers fought their way to Paris. After a month of fighting France was liberated. |
| Coral Sea/ Midway | Naval battles and turning points in the war. Victories allowed the US to be on the offensive instead of defensive. |
| Battle of the Bulge | German launched counterattack against Allied forces from France, in Belgium. Lasted a month. Germans unable to break through lines, delayed Allied advance. Soviets advancing into Germany from the east. |
| V-E Day | May 8th 1945. Germany surrenders and victory is achieved in Europe for the Allies. |
| Manhattan Project | secret project to harness the power of the atom and create the atomic bomb. Tested in New Mexico |
| Enola Gay/ Hiroshima/ Nagasaki | 2 towns in which the US dropped the atomic bomb on. Led to surrender of Japan and the end of the war |
| Nuremberg Trials-- | War crimes trial. Held by the Allies. Top Nazi received death sentences, were imprisoned. Showed that political and military leaders could be help accountable for actions in wartime. |
| United Nations | International organization established after WWII with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community. |
| Cold War | - State of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the US on one side and the soviet union on the other, without armed conflict. |
| Iron Curtain | Invisible boundary dividing Europe after WWII. ½ US Britain, other ½ Soviet |
| NATO | US, Canada, and 10 other countries formed military alliance. Pledged to help one another if any one of them were attacked. |
| Warsaw Pact | mutual-defense alliance between the Soviet Union and seven satellites in Easter Europe. |
| Truman Doctrine | US policy established in 1947 trying to contain spread of communism. Made it clear that America would resist Soviet expansion. |
| Marshall Plan | US attempt to strengthen democratic governments. It was a massive aid package. They sent food and economic assistance to Europe. Truman offered aid to Soviet Union but Stalin refused. |
