| A | B |
|---|
| temperate | mild, moderate |
| fjord | a long, narrow inlet of the sea between high cliffs |
| navigable | able to be traveled by boats or ships |
| Middle Ages | a period in European history between A.D. 500 and about the 1400s |
| feudalism | starting in Europe around A.D. 800, a system for organizing and governing society, based on land and service |
| fief | in the Middle Ages, a property given to a vassal in exchange for loyalty |
| vassal | in the Middle Ages, a noble who usually was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty |
| serf | in the Middle Ages, a person who was bound to work on a noble’s manor |
| manor | in the Middle Ages, a large, self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by serfs |
| chivalry | the qualities of the ideal knight, including politeness, bravery, honor, and protecting the weak |
| Magna Carta | a legal document written by English lords in 1215 that stated certain rights of the barons, merchants, and clergy, which limited the power of the king |
| Charlemagne | A.D. 742-814 Frankish king and emperor from 800-814 |
| William the Conqueror | A.D. 1027-1087 Duke of Normandy; in 1066 he become the first Norman king of England |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | A.D. 1122-1204 Queen of France and later of England; encouraged development of medieval art, poetry, and culture |
| King John of England | forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 |
| deforestation | the process of clearing the land of forests, often to make space for farms and cities |
