| A | B |
|---|
| Cash Crop | a crop that is grown to be sold rather than to be consumed by the farmers and their families |
| Core | the inner most part of Earth, made of solid iron and surrounded by a layer of iron |
| Crude Oil | petroleum as it comes out of the ground and before it has be refined or processed into useful products |
| Mantle | the middle layer of Earth that lies between the core and the lithosphere |
| Infiltration | the middle layer of Earth that lies between the core and the lithosphere |
| Impermeable rock | any rock that does not allow liquid or gas to flow through it |
| Non-Renewable Resource | a resource that takes so long to form that it can’t be replaced. Oil, which takes millions of years to form, is such a resource. |
| Oil Reserves | Oil that has been discovered but remains unused in the ground |
| Magma | Molten or liquid rock that lies beneath the earths crust |
| Crust | The hard outer layer of Earth |
| Tectonic Movement | The movement of plates below Earth’s surface |
| Fold Mountain | A mountain that is created by a folding of Earth’s crust |
| Fault Block Mountain | A mountain created when a block of Earth’s crust tilts upward as a result of tectonic movement |
| Lava | Molten or liquid rock that flows out of a volcano |
| Floodplain | The flat area around a river that is cover with sediment as a result of frequent flooding |
| Downwind | in the direction that the wind is blowing |
| Tariff | a tax on goods l\that cross country borders |
| Centrifugal forces | the forces that divide people and countries |
| Centripetal forces | the forces that unite people and countries |
| Death rate | the number of deaths a year for every 1000 people |
| Birth rate | the number of births a year for every 1000 people |
| Trade bloc | a group of countries that work together to promote trade with one another |
| Total Fertility Rate | the average number of children that a woman in a given population will have in her lifetime |
| Replacement Rate | a total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself |
| Life Expectancy | average age that a person in a given population can expect to live |
| Dependency Ratio | the number of old and young people who don’t work compared with the working age population |
| Baby Boom | a sudden increase in the birth rate of a population |
| Perennial irrigation | a system that allows for the year round watering of crops |
| River basin | the area drained by a river and its tributaries. These tributaries are the smaller streams that flow into the main river. Rain falling anywhere in a river basin will eventually flow into the main river. |
| Desertification | the process by which land becomes more and more dry until it turns into desert. Climate change, human activities, or both may cause this. |
| Marginal land | land that is not well suited for growing crops |
| Ergs | a great sea of tall sand dunes |
| Regs | gravel-covered plains |
| Confluence | the junction of two rivers |
| Reservoir | a large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply |
| Delta | a triangular tract of sediment deposited at the mouth of a river, typically where it diverges into several outlets |
| Headwaters | The stream or streams that make up the beginnings of a river |
| Evaporation | The process by which a liquid, such as water, turns into a vapor or gas |
| Transboundery pollution- | pollution that starts in one country and goes to other countries |
| Accidental Pollution- | To release of harmful substances into the environment as the result of an accident. |
| General Pollution | The release of harmful substances into the environment as a result of everyday activities. |
| Apartheid | Government policy of separating people according to race. |
| Segregation | Separation of one people from another, such as by race. |
| Reconciliation | Resolving past differences, forgiving and moving forward. In SA the Truth and Reconciliation Commission sought to resolve tensions and antagonism between blacks and whites based on years of apartheid. |
| Shari’a | Traditional Islamic Law. |
| Colonialism | A system in which one country rules another area as a colony. The ruling country controls trade with its colony for it’s own benefit. |
| Linguistic groups | A group of people who share a common language. |
| Ethnic diversity | A variety of people from different ethnic groups. |
| Informal economy | Exchange of goods and services without government control. |
| Micro –enterprise | A very small business with few or no employees. |
| Monsoon | A seasonal wind |
| Atmospheric pressure | The weight of the atmosphere pressing down on any point of the earths surface |
| Orographic effect: | The precipitation that occurs when moist air rises up the side of a mountain |
| Rain shadow | The dry area on the downwind side of a mountain |
| Cloud seeding: | The scattering of chemicals in clouds to bring about rain. |
| Information Technology | The use of technology to move and process information |
| Outsource: | To hire someone outside of a country to do work that was once done inside the company |
| Workforce | All of the people that are available for work. |
| Cost of living | The average cost of basic necessities |
| Standard of living | The overall level of comfort and well being in a country |
| Illiterate: | Unable to read and write |
| Brain Drain | The loss of well educated people |
| Foreign investment | Investment by a person or company in another country |
| Famine | Severe food shortage that results in widespread hunger |
| Zero population growth | Condition when a population in a country doesn’t grow but remains stable |
| Rate of natural increase: | Annual rate of population growth |
| Doubling time | The length of time it takes for a population to double |
| Consumption | Purchasing and using up of goods and services by consumers |
| Arable land | Land suitable for growing crops |
| Population distribution | Where people live in a country whether crowded together in cities or spread out in the country. |
| Arithmetic population density | The population of a country divided by its total land area. |
| Psysiologic population density: | The population of a country divided by its arable land area. |
| Commute time | The amount of time traveling to and from work |
| Extended family: | A family of parents, children and grandparents, and sometimes more distant relatives. |
| Nuclear family: | A family made up of parents and their children. |
| Earthquake zone | An area where earthquakes are likely (often where tectonic plates meet) |
| Earthquake | resistant construction techniques: Building methods to make structures safer during earthquakes |
