| A | B |
|---|
| Scientific method | composed of seven steps: problem |
| Control | the variable that isnt changed and is being tested |
| SI Units | what measurments should always be done in. It's the standard system used worldwide |
| Meters | lengths standard unit |
| Grams | masses standard unit |
| Liters | volumes standard unit |
| Solid | Liquid |
| Kinetic theory of matter | tiny particles in constant motion make up all matter |
| Density | mass per unit volume of any substance |
| Pressure | amount of force exerted per unit area |
| Absolute Zero | temperature where motion ceases and the volume of gas becomes zero. |
| Element | has all like atoms in any given sample |
| Compounds | materials that are made |
| Physical property | any characteristic of a material that you can observe without changing the substance that makes up the material |
| Physical change | any change in size |
| Chemical change | change of one of the substances in a material to a different substance |
| Law of conservation of mass | matter is neither created nor destroyed it can only change forms |
| Dalton's atomic theory | states that all elements are composed of atoms |
| J J Thompson | discovered the electron |
| Rutherford | found out that the nucleus was positively charged while conduction gold foil experiment |
| Bohr | proposed that electrons orbit the nucleus also known as the "planetary model" |
| Nucleus | positively charged center of an atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus of an atom |
| Protons | positively charged particles within the nucleus |
| Neutrons | neutral particles within the nucleus of an atom |
| Chemical Symbol | an abbreviated way to write the name of an element |
| Nucleus | positively charged center of an atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus of an atom |
| Protons | positively charged particles within the nucleus |
| Neutrons | neutral particles within the nucleus of an atom |
| Atomic Number | number of protons in the nucleus |
| Electron cloud | the space where electrons most probably exist around the nucleus of an atom |
| Mass number | sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atom |
| Average atomic mass | average mass of the mixture of its isotopes |
| Isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons |
| Groups | columns of elements in the periodic table |
| Periods | rows of elements in the periodic table |
| Chemical bond | force that holds together the atoms in a substance |
| Ions | atoms that have charges |
| Acid | produces hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution |
| Base | produces hydroxide (OH-) in a solution |
| pH | measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution |
| Radioactivity | emission of high energy radiation or particles from the nucleus of a radioactive atom |
| Half-life | amount of time required for a radioactive substance to decay to one-half of the original sample |
| Speed | rate of change in position |
| Velocity | speed and direction |
| Constant velocity | uniform motion at a constant speed in a straight line |
| Acceleration | rate of change in velocity |
| Force | push or pull one body exerts on another |
| Balanced forces | Forces that are equal in size and opposite in direction |
| Inertia | tendency of an object to resist any change in its motion |
| Friction | force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching each other |
| Gravity | force that is exerted in the universe on every other object |
| Newtons first law of motion | an object moving at a constant velocity keeps moving unless a net force acts on it |
| Weight | gravitational force between earth and a body at earths surface |
| Newtons second law of motion | a net force action on an object causes the object to accelerate in the direction of the force |
| Air resistance | force exerts on a moving object |
| Newtons third law of motion | action-reaction forces by stating for every action there is an equal |
| Momentum | property of a moving object has due to its mass and velocity |
| Energy | measured with the unit of a Joule |
| Kinetic energy | energy in form of motion |
| Potential energy | stored motion |
| Work | transfer of energy through motion |
| Power | rate at which work is done |
| Mechanical energy | total amount of kinetic energy and potential energy in a system |
| Law of conservation of energy | energy cant be created or destroyed |
| Temperature | measure of average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter |
| Heat | energy that flows from something with a higher temperature to something with a lower temperature |
| Conduction | transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of particles |
| Convection | transfer of energy by the movement of a fluid |
| Insulators | dont allow heat to move through them easily |
| Waves | rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter of space |
| Medium | material through which a wave can transfer energy |
| Radiation | Transfer of energy that does not require a medium |
| Crest | highest part of a wave |
| Trough | lowest part of a wave |
| Wavelength | distance between a point on one wave to the same point on the following wave |
| Amplitude | height of a wave |
| Frequency of a wave | number of wave crests that pass once place each second |
| Compressional (longitudinal) waves | waves in which matter vibrates in the same direction as the wave travels |
| Transverse waves | wave that vibrates at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | transverse waves that transfer energy through radiation ranging from radio waves to gamma rays |
| Static electricity | accumulation of electric charges on an object that are not free to move |
| Opposite charges | attract and like charges repel |
| Induction | rearrangement of charges on nearby objects without direct contact |
| Conduction | transfer of electrons by contact |
| Current | flow of electrons through a wire or any conduction that is measured in amperes |
| Resistance | tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons that is measured in ohms |
| Series circuit | circuit that only has one path and it can travel along |
| Parallel circuits | contain separate branches for current to move through |
| Magnetism | property of matter in which there is a force of attraction or repulsion between like or unlike poles |
| Electromagnets | temporary magnets that can be turned on and off that form when current passes through a coil |
