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| What were the important results of the Crusades? | Trade increased, new products and ideas were exchanged, cities and towns grew, feudalism declined, countries formed, exploration, the Renaissance |
| How do archaeologists study ancinet cultures? | They search for artifacts such as weapons, tools, pottery, pictues or writing, burial grounds, and other items to try to learn about the culture |
| What were the results of Christopher Columbus's exploration? | New foods, goods, and ideas, and cultures were exchanged between the Old World and the New World, diseases killed millions of Native Americans, Native Americans were enslaved, colonization, European rivalries, battles with Native Americans, and African slavery |
| What European country claimed what is now the east coast of the U.S.? | England claimed the land from Maine to Georgia |
| What culture area did the Iroquois live in? | The Eastern or Northeastern Woodlands |
| Why did the Iroquois form the Iroquois Confederation? | strength and protection |
| Where was the Mayan empire located? | Southern Mexico and Central America |
| Where was the Aztec empire located? | Central Mexico |
| Where was the Incan Empire located? | Along the west coast of South America |
| What type of homes did the Iroquois build? | Longhouses made of wood and bark |
| What was the Northwest Passage and what countries searched for it? | It was a route through or around North America that England, France, and the Netherlands sent explorers to search for |
| What is a primary source of information? | Primary sources are historical documents, written accounts by a person who witnessed the event, or objects that were from the event or time period. Letters, diaries, documents, photographs, art objects, stamps, coins, and clothing are all examples of possibilities. |
| What was the nickname given to the Middle Colonies? | They were called the "Breadbasket Colonies" because of all of the grains they grew as staple crops. |
| Why did the Pilgrims write the Mayflower Compact before they landed at Plymouth? | The Pilgrims realized that they must work together for the good of the colony. |
| What was significant about the House of Burgesses in the colony of Virginia? | It established the first representative government in the Americas and set the precedent of a representative government in the english colonies. |
| What was the Act of Toleration? | It was a law passed in the colony of Maryland that was the first written guarantee of religious freedom for all Christians lin the colonies |
| What European nation first claimed and settled the area that is now NYC? | The Netherland did |
| What was the Albany Plan of Union? | It was Ben Franklin's plan that called for the colonies to unite to form a joint council for defense and convince the Iroquois to side with the British in the French and Indian War in 1754. It failed because none of the colonies would give up any of their power to form the united joint council for defense. |
| Why did the British Parliament pass the Navigation Acts in the 1660s? | Britain wanted to strictly control the colonies' trade generate more wealth and power for Britainj |
| How did Britain govern its colonies differently after 1763? | Britian was much stricter with the enforcement of its laws after 1763 because it was in debt from the French and Indian War and needed the colonies to help pay off the war debt. |
| What event caused the British Parliament to pass the Intolerable Acts? | The Boston Tea Party |
| What colonial reaction to the British taxes was most effective at getting them repealed? | boycotts of British products |
| Who wrote most of the Declaration of Independence? | Thomas Jefferson |
| What was the main purpose of the Declaration of Independence? | It listed the main reasons why the colonies were breaking away from Great Britain |
| What battle proved to be the turning point of the Revolutionary War? | Saratoga- Our victory convinced the French to become an ally and it stopped Britian's plan to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies. |
| What were the American advantages in the beginning of the Revolutionary War? | We were fighting for a cause, we knew the land better, we grew up using muskets for hunting, our tactics were better for fighting in the wilderness, the fighting took place here and not 3000 miles away |
| Why were the state constitutions, incluing New York's, important at the Constitutional Convention? | All of the state constitutions were studied and used as models in the writing of our national constitution? |
| What is a constitution? | a written plan of government |
| What were the terms of the Treaty of paris of 1783 that ended the Revolutionary War? | Britain recognized our independence, it set the borders of the U.S.- Canada- N, Mississippi River- W, Spanish Florida- S, and the Atlantic Ocean- E., we promised to pay debts that we owed to the British from before the war, and Spain got Flordia back from Britain |
| What was the Great Compromise? | It settled the differences between the Virginia Plan (large pop. states) and the NJ Plan (sm. pop. states). It called for three branches and a bicameral legislature with the Senate having two senators for each state and a House of Representatives based on a state's pop. |
| What was the Three-Fifths Compromise? | It settled the differences between the North and South at the Constitutional Convention. It was agreed that 3/5 of each state's slave pop. would be counted in the pop. count and for taxation purposes. |
| What was the Virginia Plan? | It was the large states plan for government at the Constitutional Convention. It called for three branches of govt. and a bicameral legislature with the number of votes for each state based on its pop. |
| What is a convention? | a meeting |
| What is a compromise? | An agreement where both sides give in a little |
| What is a continent? | A large land mass |
| What determines the number of votes that each state gets in the House of Representatives? | state population |
| How many seantors are there for each state? | two per state |
| Why were some people opposed to the ratification of the Constitution? | Some feared that it gave the federal government too much power and were also unhappy because it did not originally contain a bill of rights |
| What branch is the Supreme Court in? | Judicial branch |
| What branch is the Cabinet in? | Executive branch |
| What branch is the President in? | Executive branch |
| What branch is the Senate in? | Legislative branch |
| What branch is the House of Representatives in? | Legislative branch |
| How can the Constitution be changed? | The amendment process- 2/3 of congress must propose an amendment and 3/4 of the states must ratify it |
| What does "ratify" mean? | officially approve |
| What is a "veto"? | a presidential rejection of a bill passed by Congress |
| What is the Bill of Rights? | The first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect our individual freedoms |
| What is the principle of checks and balances in the Constitution? | Each of the three branches can keep the other two branches from obtaining too much power. |
| How can the Supreme court check the power of the legislative or executive branch? | The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. It has the power to declare laws or acts unconstitutional if they violate the Constitution. |
| What branch of government are the State and Treasury Departments in? | All government departments are in the executive branch and are headed by Cabinet members who advise the President |
| Why did the Founding Fathers establish the three branches of government? | The separation of powers prevents any person or group of people from getting too much power. |
| What was the main mission of Lewis and Clark? | To map, explore, gather information, and see if there was a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean that went through the Louisiana Territory |
| What were the two main provisions of the Monroe Doctine (1823)? | Europe was warned not to interfere in the americas and we promised to stay out of their affairs |
| What country did we go to war with in the War of 1812? | Britain |
| What were the four "FINE" causes of the War of 1812? | Frontier Problems, Impressment of American sailors, Nationalism, and Expansionism, |
| What is "sectionalism"? | In the early 1800s, the North, the South, and the West cared more about the interests of their regions than what was best for the country as a whole. |
| Who invented the cotton gin? | Eli Whitney in 1793 |
| What effect did the cotton gin have on cotton production and slavery? | Increased both |
| What is an abolitionist? | Someone who wanted to ban slavery in the country |
| What didf the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 do? | It was a plan of government for the Northwest Territory, it banned slavery north of the Ohio River, it was the plan for statehood of a territory, and it divided the NW Territory into 3-5 smaller territories. |
| According to the Northwest Ordinance, how many free people had to live in a territory before it could apply for statehood? | 60,000 free people |
| What two waterways were connected by the Erie Canal in 1825? | Lake Erie-W and the Hudson River- E |
| What were some of the benefits of the Erie Canal? | quicker travel, lower cost of shipping, created jobs, helped cities in NYS grow, helped NYC become the financial center of the nation, helped NYS become the Empire State |
| What was the purpose of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)? | To work for greater rights for women such as education, laws, jobs, and the vote |
| Why did southern states pass the slave codes? | To keep slaves from running away or revolting |
| What is Manifest Destiny? | It was a term used by Americans in the early 1800s to describe the belief that it was our nation's fate to expand all of the way west to the Pacific Ocean |
| Why did thousands of Americans go to California in 1849? | search for gold |
| What was a forty-niner? | A person who rushed to California in 1849 to try to find gold |
| How and when did the U.S. acquire Louisiana? | We bought it from France in 1803 for $15 million dollars. It doubled the size of the USA and it gave us control of the port of New Orleans on the Mississippi River |
| How and when did the U.S. acquire Florida? | We bought it from Spain in 1819 in the Adams-Onis Treaty. |
| How did Texas become part of the U.S.? | Congress annexed it in 1845 when the Republic of Texas asked to become part of the USA |
| What does "annex" mean? | to add on |
| How and when did Oregon become part of the USA? | Britain and the U.s. signed a treaty in 1846 dividing the Oregon Country at 49 degrees north latitude. The U.S. got the part of the Oregon Country south of 49 degrees north latitude and Britain got the land north of 49 degrees north latitude |
| How and when did the USA acquire the Mexican Cession? | In 1848, as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo that ended the Mexican War, Mexico ceded it to the USA and we gave them $15 million. |
| How and when did the USA acquire the Gadsden Purchase? | In 1853, the USA bought the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico for $10 million |
| What does the word "cede" mean? | to give |
| What was the Middle Passage? | The trade route between Africa and the Americas that carried many Africans into a life of slavery in the Americas. It is estimated that several million African died from the harsh conditions aboard the slave ships during the Middle Passage. |
| What piece of land was the main cause of the French and Indian War in 1754? | The Ohio River Valley |
| What colony was settled by the Quakers? | Pennsylvania- Wm. Penn was a Quaker |
| What were the Quaker beliefs? | All men and women were equal in the eyes of God, war and killing was a sin, slavery was a sin, no ministers or priests were needed for a religious service |
| What were the three major crops of the southern colonies? | rice, tobacco, and indigo |
| What were the two most profitable ways of making a living in New France? | fur trading and fishing- Only the nobles could own land in New France |
| What country first explored, claimed, and settled the Mississippi River Valley? | France- Marquette, Joliet, and LaSalle explored it and LaSalle claimed it for France and named it Louisiana |
| What is mercantilism? | An economic system that has the goal of building a nation's wealth through trade. Uner this system, a country's goal is to export a higher value of goods than it imports. It is why European countries wanted colonies in the Americas |
| Why did England want colonies in the Americas? | To increase England's wealth through trade |
| Why were American colonists upset by the Stamp (1765) and Townshend (1767)? Acts? | The taxes were taxation without representation. The American colonists had no representation in Britain's Parliament |
| When was the French and Indian War? | 1754-1763 |
| When was the Boston Tea Party? | 1773 |
| When was the Declaration of Independence written? | 1776 |
| Who was the commander of the Continental army during the Revolutionary War? | George Washington |
| What are the five southern colonies? | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia |
| what country first claimed and settled Florida? | Spain |
| What were the four Middle Colonies? | New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware |
