| A | B |
|---|
| anemia | a deficiency of iron |
| bioaccumulation | an increased concentration of a chemical in an organism over time |
| bycatch | the unintentional catch of non-target species whilst fishing |
| Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) | a large indoor or outdoor structure used to raise animals at very high densities |
| contour plowing | an agricultural technique in which are done parallel to the topographical contours of the land |
| crop rotation | an agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season |
| desertification | the transformation of arable productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use |
| aquaculture | farming aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds |
| agroforestry | an agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped |
| economies of scale | the observation that average costs of production fall as output increases |
| energy subsidy | the energy input per calorie of food produced |
| fishery | a commercially harvest-able population of fish within a particular ecological region |
| fishery collapse | the decline of a fish population by 90% or more |
| food scarcity | a condition in which people do not have adequate access to food |
| food in scarcity | a conditionn in which people have adequate amounts of nutritional food |
| famine | the condition in which food scarcity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period of time |
| green revolution | a shift in agricultural practices in the 20th Century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties and resulted in increased food out food |
| intercropping | an agricultural technique in which two or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction |
| herbicides | a pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops |
| industrial agriculture | agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization |
| inorganic fertilizers | fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels |
| insecticides | pesticides that focus on insects |
| individual transferable quotas | a fishery management program in which individual fishers are give a total allowable catch of fish in a season, that they can either catch or sell |
| integrated pest managerial | an agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide imports |
| malnourished | having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals |
| meat | livestock or poultry consumed as food |
| monocropping | an agricultural technique that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety |
| nonpersistant | something that breaks down rapidly |
| no-till agrigulture | an agricultural technique in which farmers do not turn soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing erosion |
| nomadic grazing | feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, usually over long distances |
| organic fertilizers | fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals |
| pesticide treadmill | a cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by a new pesticide development |
| persistant | something that remains in the environment for a long time |
| pesticides | a substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests |
| organic agriculture | production of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers |
| sustainable agriculture | agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability for the farmer |
| shifting agriculture | an agricultural technique in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients |
| selective pesticides | a pesticide that targets a narrower range of organisms |
| salinization | a form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation |
| resistant | a measure of how much much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem |
| waterlogging | a form of soil degredation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods |
