| A | B |
|---|
| DNA | a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual. |
| RNA | a single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA |
| messenger RNA | a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product |
| transfer RNA | is involved in protein synthesis in that it brings the correct amino acid to the ribosomes. |
| chromosome | A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. |
| gene | A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. |
| cloning | To make multiple identical copies of (a DNA sequence). |
| genetic engineering | is a technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms |
| recombinant DNA | Genetically engineered DNA prepared by transplanting or splicing genes from one species into the cells of a host organism of a different species. |
| heredity | The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring. |
| mutation | is any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene |
| replication | a base is added |
| selective breeding | is a process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in an offspring. |
| codon | A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides constituting the genetic code that determines the insertion of a specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis or the signal to stop protein synthesis. |
| transcription | It is the process of transcribing or making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (messenger RNA or mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases. |
| translation | A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
| traits | Characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment. |
| double helix | A conformation or shape describing a structure that typically consists of two matching helices intertwined about a common axis, such as the structure of the DNA molecule, which is made of two linear strands held together in opposite direction through chemical bonds, and which has become twisted into a helix |
| gene expression | an organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed |
| biotechnology | The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. |
| chromatography | a process in which a chemical mixture carried by a liquid or gas is separated into components as a result of differential distribution of the solutes as they flow around or over a stationary liquid or solid phase |
| gel electrophoresis | a technique for separating protein molecules of varying sizes in a mixture by moving them through a block of gel, as of agarose or polyacrylamide, by means of an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore farther than larger ones. |
| evolution | is the process by which organisms have changed over time from simple,single-celled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms |
| genetic variation | 1. Variations of genomes between members of species, or between groups of species thriving in different parts of the world as a result of genetic mutation. |
| natural selection | nature selects those individual who are best fit for the environment |
| overproduction | more offspring are produced than can survive |
| theory | 1.rules and techniques: the body of rules, ideas, principles, and techniques that applies to a subject, especially when seen as distinct from actual practice |
| adaptation | 1.adapting: the process or state of changing to fit a new environment or different conditions, or the resulting change |
| extinction | is the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing environment. Extinction occurs when the environment changes and the species cannot adapt |
| artificial selection | 1.animal and plant breeding: selection by humans of animals and plants with desirable characteristics for use in breeding over several generations. |
| global warming | an increase in the earth's temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gases |
| greenhouse gases | 1.gas that absorbs radiation: a gas that contributes to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere by reflecting radiation from the Earth's surface, e.g. carbon dioxide, ozone, or water vapor |
| ozone layer | 1.upper layer of atmosphere: the layer of the upper atmosphere, from 15 to 50 km10 to 30 mi above the Earth's surface, where most atmospheric ozone collects, absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. |
| fossil fuel | 1.fuel derived from prehistoric organisms: any carbon-containing fuel derived from the decomposed remains of prehistoric plants and animals, e.g. coal, peat, petroleum, and natural gas |
| direct harvesting | the destruction or loss of a species by overhunting |
| pollution | introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. |
| renewable energy | is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). |
| imported species | invasive species or exotic species |
| habitat destruction | destroying a part of the natural environment |
