| A | B |
|---|
| Hapsburgs | ruling family of the Empire that included the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands |
| siglo de oro | "golden century," time in Spain of brilliant art and literature |
| El Greco | "the Greek," artist who settled in Spain and painted religious scenes and royal portraits |
| Diego Velazquez | Spanish painter known for his vivid portraits of Spanish royalty |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Spanish author of Don Quixote |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | massacre of 3000 Huguenots by Catholics at a royal wedding celebration |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by Henry IV in 1598, it allowed religious toleration for Huguenots |
| Fronde | uprising in France where nobles, merchants, peasants, and the urban poor all rebelled |
| Versailles | Louis XIV's elaborate palace, a symbol of his wealth and power |
| War of the Spanish Succession | fought over attempt to unite France and Spain under one monarch |
| James I | followed Elizabeth I, first Stuart monarch, believed in divine right |
| Charles I | followed James I, absolute monarch who fought with Parliament and began the English Civil War |
| Petition of Right | prohibited king from raising taxes without the consent of Parliament |
| Cavalier | supporters of Charles I in the English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | led Parliament (and the Roundheads) against Charles I in the English Civil War |
| Leveller | Group who thought that poor men should have equal say in government with the upper classes |
| English Bill of Rights | Documents signed by William and Mary ensuring the superiority of Parliament over the English monarchy |
| Peace of Westphalia | treaty that ended the Thirty Years War, France gained territory on its Spanish and German frontiers |
| Maria Theresa | first female ruler of Hapsburg lands |
| War of the Austria Succession | between Maria Theresa and Frederick of Silesia, where Maria Theresa preserved her empire and won the support of the people |
| Frederick the Great | king of Prussia known for his brilliant use of the army |
| Seven Years' War | was fought in Europe, India, and North America, ended with the Treaty of Paris |
| Peter the Great | Russian ruler who forced western technology and social customs on the Russian people |
| St. Petersburg | Peter the Great's new capital city, a symbol of modern Russia |
| Vitus Bering | Danish navigator hired by Peter the Great to explore Siberia and Alaska |
| Catherine the Great | German princess who became empress of Russia, an efficient and ruthless absolute monarch |
