| A | B |
|---|
| Charles Townshend | urged farmers to grow turnips to restore the soil |
| Jethro Tull | inventor of the seed drill |
| Thomas Newcomen | developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
| James Watt | Scottish engineer who improved the steam engine and became known as "the father of the industrial revolution" |
| Abraham Darby | he used coal to smelt iron, discovering a way to remove impurities from coal |
| John Kay | invented the flying shuttle, which sped up weaving |
| James Hargreaves | produced the spinning jenny, which spun many threads at the same time |
| Richard Arkwright | invented the waterframe, which used water power to speed up spinning |
| George Stephenson | developed the steam-powered locomotive |
| Luddite | rioters who smashed machines and burned factories as resistance against new industrial technology |
| John Wesley | founder of the Methodist church |
| Methodism | religious movement which encouraged the need for personal faith and the adoption of sober and moral values |
| Thomas Malthus | predicted that the population would outpace the food supply |
| iron law of wages | states that when wages are high families have more children, but more children means a greater supply of labor which leads to lower wages |
| John Stuart Mill | utilitarian who argued that actions are right of they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain |
| Utopians | early socialists who tried to build self-sufficient communities in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common |
| Karl Marx | author of The Communist Manifesto who believed that economics was the driving force in history |
