| A | B |
|---|
| anesthetic | drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| enclosure | the process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers |
| smelt | separate iron from its ore |
| capital | wealth to invest in business |
| factory | places that bring together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods |
| turnpikes | privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them |
| urbanization | the movement of people to cities |
| tenements | multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments |
| labor unions | workers' organizations that bargained with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions |
| utilitarianism | the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens |
| socialism | system in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses |
| means of production | farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods |
| communism | a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable |
