| A | B |
|---|
| cognition | mental activities associated with thinking |
| concepts | mental grouping of similar objects |
| algorithms | step by step proceedure that is slow but gets the answer |
| heuristic | short cut to get the right answer |
| insight | the aha moment |
| confirmation bias | searching for info that supports our thinking but ignores contradictory evidence |
| fixation | inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective |
| mental set | approaching problem with what has worked in the past |
| functional fixedness | thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions |
| representative heuristic | how things match or represent prototypes, that leads us to ignore relevant info. |
| availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
| overconfidence | more confident than correct |
| belief percerverance | clinging to one's own beliefs, even if the basis of them has been discredited |
| intuition | gut feeling |
| framing | the way an issue is posed |
| phonemes | smallest distinctive sound unit |
| morphemes | the smallest unit that carries a meaning (prefixes) |
| grammar | systems of rules, semantics & syntax |
| semantics | set of rules that we get meaning from or the study of meaning |
| syntax | the rules we use to order words into sentences |
| 4 months of age | babbles |
| 10 months of age | babbling resembles household language |
| 12 months of age | one word stage |
| 24 months | 2 word telegraphic stage |
| 24+ months | language developes rapidly into complete sentences |
| Skinner operant learning | learning language by association, imitation, & reinforcement |
| chomsky | inborn universal grammar |
| Skinner | operant learning |
| Chomsky inborn universal grammar | given adequate nurture language will occur naturally |
| aphasia | impairment of language, usually damage to the left hemisphere |
| brocas area | impairs speaking |
| wernicke's area | impairs understanding |
| angular gyrus | able to speak & understand , but unable to read |
| ligistic determinism | whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| the window closes for learning language | at 7 years old |
| intelligence test | assesing mental aptitude and comparing w/ other numerical scores |
| intelligence | ability to learn from experience, solve problems, & use knowledge |
| Spearman's | general intelligence or (g) |
| general intelligence (g) | people have special abilities that stand out |
| factor analysis | statistical proceedure that identifies clusters of related items |
| savant syndrome | low intelliegnce, island of brilliance |
| Gardener's intelliegences | linguistic, logical, musical, spacial, intra & inter personal, naturalistic |
| Strenberg's triarchic | analytical, creative, practical |
| social intelligence | comprehending & the know how o social situations |
| creativity | ability to produce ideas that are both novel & valuable |
| emotional intelligence | ability to perceive, manage & use emotions |
| achievement tests | a measure of what you have learned |
| aptitude tests | to predict your ability to learn a new skill |
| wechsler tests WAIS (adult) & WISC (child) | uses no language |
| language | spoken, written, or signed words & how we combine them to communicate |
| trial & error | used in heuristics to find quick solutions to problems |
| standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison w/ a pretested group |
| normal curve | most scores fall near average & fewer lie near extremes |
| reliability | test that yiels consistant scores |
| content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior of interest |
| predictive validity | predicting the criterion of future preformances |
| mental retardation | intelligence score that is 70 or below |
| Down's syndrome | extra chromosome 21 in the genetic make up |
| stereotype threat | concern that one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype |
| Binet's intelliegence testing | developed a test that would predict children's future progress in Paris |
| Lewis Termin | adapted Binet's test for american school children |
