| A | B |
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| political machines | a group of people who organize to help elect government officials and influence government policies |
| Progressives | a group of reformers who worked to improve social and political problems in the late 1800s |
| muckrakers | a term coined for journalists who "raked up" and exposed corruption and problems of society |
| Seventeenth Amendment | a constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect U.S. senators |
| recall | a vote to remove an official from office |
| initiative | a method of allowing voters to propose a new law if enough signatures are collected on a petition |
| referendum | a procedure that allows voters to approve or reject a law already proposed or passed by government |
| Robert M. La Follette | Progressive American politician, he was active in local Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses. As governor, he began the reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more professional. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | a factory fire that killed 146 workers trapped in the building; led to new safety standard laws |
| capitalism | an economic system in which private businesses run most industries |
| socialism | economic system in which the government owns and operates a country's means of production |
| William "Big Bill" Haywood | One of the leaders of the International Workers of the World, a Socialist labor union active in the early 1900s. |
| Industrial Workers of the World | a union founded in 1905 by socialists and union leaders that included workers not welcomed in the AFL |
| Eighteenth Amendment | a constitutional amendment that outlawed the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States; repealed in 1933 |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association | an organization founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1890 to obtain women's right to vote |
| Alice Paul | American social reformer, suffragist, and activist, she was the founder of the organization that became the National Woman's Party (NWP) that worked to obtain women's suffrage. |
| Nineteenth Amendment | a constitutional amendment that gave women the vote |
| Booker T. Washington | African American educator and civil rights leader, he was born into slavery and later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans. He was an advocate for conservative social change. |
| Ida B. Wells | African American journalist and anti-lynching activist, she was part owner and editor of the Memphis Free Speech. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | African American educator, editor, and writer, he led the Niagra Movement, calling for economic and educational equality for African Americans. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. |
| National Association for the Advancement of Colored People | an organization founded in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois and other reformers to bring attention to racial inequality |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Twenty-sixth president of the United States after William McKinley was assassinated, he orgainized the first volunteer cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders who fought in Cuba during the Spanish-American War. As President, he acquired the Panama Canal Zone, and announced the Roosevelt Corollary, making the United States the defender of the Western Hemisphere. |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | a law that set regulatory standards for industries involved in preparing food |
| conservation | the planned management of natural resources to prevent their destruction |
| William Howard Taft | Twenty-seventh president of the United States, he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which did not lower tariffs very much. He lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term. |
| Progressive Party | a short-lived political party that attempted to institute social reforms |
| Woodrow Wilson | Twenty-eighth president of the United States, his reform legislation was fiven the name New Freedom, and it included three constitutional amendments: direct election of senators, prohibition, and women's suffrage. He created the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Trade Commission, and he enacted child labor laws. |
| Sixteenth Amendment | an amendment to the Constitution that allows personal income to be taxed |
