| A | B |
|---|
| Erasmus | humanist author of "the praise of folly" |
| Shakespeare | English playwright of comedies, tragedies and histories |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance sculptor and painter. Known for the Dacid and Sistine Chapel Frescoes |
| Leonardo da Vinci | renaissance artist, painter of Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| John Calvin | protestant reformer who believed in predestination, and established a theocracy in switzerland |
| Martin Luther | ist leader of the protestant reformation, posted the 95 theses criticizing the Catholic church |
| Henry VIII | protestant reformer who started the anglican church, because the pope refused to grant him a divorce |
| Elizabeth I | expanded the anglican church through the book of comon prayer |
| Hapsburgs | powerful family of catholic monarchs that dominated Europe and supported the pope during the 30 years' war |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French political advisor who supported the protestant side during the 30 years' war changin the focus of the war from religious to political |
| Jesuits | "scoiety of jesus" helped gain converts for the catholic church during the counter reformation |
| Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who first reached India by sailing around Africa |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese noble who established a school for navigators |
| Christopher Columbus | Sailing for spain he is credited with the European discovery of the new world |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Sailed for spain, first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish explorer who destroyed the Aztec empire |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer discovered the St. Lawrence river |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer, circumnavigated the globe |
| Francisco Pizarro | sailed for spain and destroyed the Incan Empire |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | first peron to develop the heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilie | developed the telescope and helped prove the heliocentric theory |
| Isaac Newton | discovered laws of gravity |
| William Harvey | discovered circulation of blood |
| Oliver cromwell | led parliament's forces (the roundheads) during the english civil war |
| Charles I | English king who led the cavaliers in the English civil war, later beheaded by Cromwell |
| William and Mary | English monarchs brought to the throne in the Glorious Revolution |
| Thomas Hobbes | English Philosopher who wrote "The Leviathan" and believed in strong central authority to rule a government |
| John Locke | author of "Two treatises on Government" who believed in natural rights of life, liberty, and property |
| Montesquieu | author of "On the Spirit of Laws" he believed in a separation of powers in government |
| Rousseau | Author of "Social Contrat" believed in broad freedoms for the people |
| Voltaire | Author of "Candide" believed in separation of church and state |
| Louis XIV | "The Sun King" built Versailles palace as King of France |
| Peter I | as Czar he "westernized" russia |
| Frederick II | led Prussia as an absolute monarch and strengthened their military |
| Maximillian Robespierre | led the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | rose to power as emperor of France, conquered most of Europe before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | led a revolt in Haiti, helped it earn its independence |
| Simon Bolivar | led a number of independence revolutions in South and Central America |
| Amadeus Mozart | famous classical composer from age of enlightenment |
| Eugene Delacroix | French painter of "Liberty leading the People" |
| Miguel Cervantes | Spanish author of "Don Quixote" the first modern European novel |
| Otto Von Bismarck | using his Realpolitik philosophy he was instrumental in uniting Germany |
| Count Cavour | foriegn minister of Sardinia who united N. Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | led the red shirt army and united S. Italy |
| James Watt | inventor of a better Steam engine |
| Henry Bessemer | created a process for converting Iron into steel |
| Edward Jenner | scientist who developed vaccination |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered bateria and a way to guard against it |
| Adam Smith | Author of "the Wealth of Nations" defending Capitalism |
| Karl Marx | author of "The Communist Manifesto" founder of communism |
| Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin |
| Muhammad | founder of Islam, according to Islam he is Allah's most important prophet |
| Siddhartha Guatama | founder of Buddhism |
