| A | B |
|---|
| Voltaire | French philosophe who wrote "Candide" and focused on religious tolerance |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish astronomer who first developed the Heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | scientist who developed 3 laws on planetary motion supporting the heliocentric theory |
| Galileo | developed a telescope that could support the heliocentric theory. He tested many of Aristotle's ideas proving them false |
| Isaac Newton | English scientist, he discovered laws of Gravity |
| William Harvey | Discovered circulation of the Blood |
| Thomas Hobbes | Wrote the "Leviathan," he believed that a state must have a central authority to maintain order |
| John Locke | wrote the "Two treatise of Government" he believed in natural rights of men (life, liberty, property) |
| Baron de Montesquieu | wrote "On the Spirit of Laws" he believed that in a separation of powers in government |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | wrote "The Social Contract" and believed people should reject unjust governments |
| Thomas Jefferson | American author of Declaration of Independence, he was heavily influenced by John Locke |
| Johan Sebastian Bach | famous German Baroque composer |
| Amadeus Mozart | Famous Austrian Classical composer |
| Eugene Delacroix | famous painter from the Enlightenment, painted "Liberty leading the People" |
| Miguel Cervantes | wrote "Don Quixote," which is considered to be the first modern european Novel |
| Louis XVI | French King during the French Revolution, he was removed from power and eventually executed |
| the Jacobins | a radical group in France during the French Revolution, they wanted to eliminate all of France's ties to the nobility of the past |
| Robespierre | as part of the Committee of Pubic Safety he began the "reign of terror" in France |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | military genius who was given control of the French army by the Directory. He would later take power in France |
| Scientific Revolution | time period where science changed by relying on reason and systematic measurement to understand the natural world |
| Scientific Method | process developed during the scientific revolution that focused on creating and testing a hypothesis |
| Heliocentric theory | accurate belief that the sun is the center of the solar system |
| Geocentric Theory | flawed belief that the earth was the center of the solar system |
| Age of Enlightenment | time period where reason and logic were applied to all aspects of life including government, politics, art and technology |
| French Revolution | time period in France where the French people overthrew their absolute monarchy and started to implement democratic ideals |
| Bastille Prison | building that was stormed by the French people in order to defend the revolution. It was the most symbolic act of the revolution. |
| Reign of Terror | radical rule by the Jacobins that resulted in the deaths of 40,000 "traitors" during the French revolution |
| Estates General | French legisdlative body under the king that was divided into 3 separate estates |
| Rights of Man | written in 1789 it gave basic liberties to the French People |
| National Assembly | new legislative body formed by 3rd estate during the French revolution |
| Agricultural revolution | improvements in farming that resulted in increased productivity and decreased the need for farm labor |
| Absolutism | government where power is held by one person or a small group |
| divine right | belief that a king's authority comes from god |
| czar | title taken by russian leaders, starting with Ivan III |
| St. Petersburg | Russian city fouunded by Peter the Great as a "window to the west" |
| Versailles | palace built by Louis XIV as a symbol of imperial power |
| Parliament | a legislative group. In England it represented the people's voice in government |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215, it was the 1st limit on a king's power in England. It later led to more rights for Englishmen |
| Jury System | 12 jurors decide the facts of a case |
| The Restoration | time period where Charles II was given the throne in England following the harsh rule of Oliver Cromwell |
| The Glorious Revolution | term used to refer to William and Mary's ascension to the English throne |
| English Bill of Rights | 1689 parliamntary law that placed more limits on the power of the English monarch |
| Louis XIV | French absolute monarch who built versailles and expanded France's manufacturing and colonial possessions |
| Peter I (the great) | Russian czar who weesternized Russia and built St. Petersburg |
| Charles I | English king who led the cavaliers during the English civil war |
| Oliver Cromwell | led the roundheads in the English civil war, later ruled as a military dictator |
| Charles II | returned from exile to Rule England after the death of Cromwell, restoring England's monarchy |
| William and Mary | English King and Queen who overthrew James II in the name of Protestantism, during the glorious revolution. |
| English Civil War | war fought between the supporters of Parliament (Cromwell) and the supporters of the king (Charles I) |
| Mughal empire | centered in India it was descended from the Mongols |
| Ottoman Empire | empire centered in Asia Minor and united by Islamic faith |
| Shogun | military leader in Japan who held all real political power |
| Japan's emperor | powerless leader in Japan who was worshipped by the people |
| Taj Mahal | greatest example of Mughal architecture |
| Foreign Enclaves | areas in China that foreign trade was restricted to. |
| Tories | political party that supported the King |
| Whigs | political party that supported Parliament |
| Elizabeth I | Tudor Monarch that balanced religious conflict while strengthening the power of the country. |
| Islam | major religion for both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires |
| Astrolabe | Navigation device originally developed by the Greeks and later perfected by Muslims, it told measured degrees away from the equator |
| Caravel | a sturdier ship used for navigation |
| Cartographer | someone who makes maps |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the Earth |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese noble who established a school for navigation |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who reached Spice Islands by a sea route |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Sailing for Spain, he was the first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs |
| Christopher Columbus | sailed for Spain and is credited with the European discovery of the New World |
| Conquistador | term give to the Spanish conquerers of the Americas |
| Amerigo Vespucci | first European explorer to realize that the "new world" was in fact separate from Asia |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer who discovered the St. Lawrence River |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquistador who conquered the Inca in Peru |
| Privateer | a legal pirate who would steal the cargo of spanish ships |
| Middle Passage | the long difficult journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas |
| Francis Drake | English explorer who circumnavigated the globe |
| Columbian exchange | exchange of products and technologies from one hemisphere to another that resulted from the discovery of the new world |
| Triangular trade route | three step trade route between Europe, W. Africa, and the Americas |
| Colony | overseas land established to help its parent/mother country |
| Mestizo | someone of a mixture of Native and European blood |
| smallpox | deadly disease that devastated the native population in the Americas |
| Mullatto | A person of mixed African and European descent in the latin American Caste System |
| Latin American Caste System | rigid social structure in Latin America that ranked people based on their racial background |
| Old World Agricultural products | Sugar Cane, Coffee, Tea |
| New Word Agricultural Products | Potato, Tomato, Tobacco, Maize |
| Joint Stock Companies | Businesses created by people who bought shares or stock in exchange for a % of the profit. These companies helped Europe start colonies. |
| Dutch East India Company | Joint Stock Company from Holland that controlled parts of Indonesia and the Spice Trade |
| British East India Company | British Joint Stock Company that gained control over India |
| Virginia Company of London | British Joint Stock Company that established Jamestown, the 1st permanent settlement in N. America |
| spices | major trade item sought by Europeans that helped spur exploration |
| inflation | major economic problem that resulted from Spain's importation of precious metals |
| race | charateristic that slavery became based around as a result of the triangular trade route |
| Christianity | major religion that contributed to the age of exploration by seeking more followers |
| Africa | destination for the first leg of the triangular trade route where manufactured goods were traded for slaves |
| Europe | starting point and final destination for triangular trade route where raw materials were sold for profit. |
| Americas | destination for the first leg of the triangular trade route where slaves were traded for agricultural products |
| Italy | country thta intially held a monopoly on the spice trade earning them great proftis |
| indigenous | term that means "native" and referred to the people and empires of the Americas |
| Constantinople | city that was conquered by muslism and closed to christian traders causing Europeans to search for a different way to reach Asia |
| Plantation | large scale farms that hurt both the local economy and the environment |
| Father Miguel Hidalgo | leader oif Mexicna independence movement |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | leader of Haiti's independence movement |
| Jose San Martin | led southern part of South America to its independence |
| Simon Bolivar | led the northern areas of South America to its independence |
| Latin America | areas south of the US that speak a language derived from LAtin (ex. Spanish, French, Portuguese) |
| Viceroy | colnial officials or governors placed in charge of colonies. They served as "vice"-kings |
| Conquistadors | spanish soldiers that conquered native empires |
| Creoles | term for those of European heritage that were born in Latin America |
| Peninsulares | those who were borin in Europe but lived in Latin America |
| Mestizos | term for thos of mixed European and Native descent |
| Catholic Church | major religion in Latin America |
| James Monroe | US president that issued Monroe Doctrine in 1823 |
| Monroe Doctrine | stated the LAtin America had right to its independence and Europe should not attempt to recolonize Latin America |
| Haiti | colony that earned its independence from France |
| Havana | Major colonial outpost in Cuba |
| Mexico City | major colonial outpost in Mexico |
| Lima | Major colonial outpost in Peru |
| Sao Paulo | major colonial outpost in Brazil |
| Mexico Map |  |
| Brazil Map |  |
| Argentina Map |  |
| Peru Map |  |
| Haiti Map |  |
| Cuba Map |  |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who became emperor of France and tried to conquer all of Europe |
| Continental System | Napoleon's plan to blockade England's Trade |
| Peninsula Wars | guerrilla wars fought between France and Spain over France's attempt to rule spain |
| Russian Invasion | Napoleon's disastrous military campaign that resulted in his defeat and intitial exile |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's law code and lasting contribution to European Politics |
| Waterloo | site of Napoleon's final defeat |
| Congress of Vienna | meeting held by Europe's leaders after the defeat of Napoleon to try to restore Europe's borders to they way they were before. |
| Prince Metternich | Austrian diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna and developed the Balace of Power doctrine |
| Balance of Power | policy favored at the Congress of Vienna, based around having empires of similar power in order to preserve peace |
| 1848 revolutions | revolutions across Europe fueled by nationalism that failed to produce any actual democratic reforms |
| Conservatism | political ideology based around relying on past traditions, favored by nobility |
| Liberalism | political philosophy based around giving commoners more political rights and supporting democracy. Favored by middle class merchants |
| Radicalism | exreme political philosophy based around expanding democracy and redistributing wealth. Favored by the peasants and poorer classes |
| Nation | a group of people unitied by common characteristic (language, religion, etc) |
| Nation-State | A country that contains mainly people from the same nation |
| Nationalism | pride in one's people or land, to the extent where you feel it is superior to others |
| Camillo Cavour | united Northern Italy |
| Giusseppe Garibaldi | united Southern Italy with his red shirt army |
| Papal States | portion of Italy controlled by the pope. This was the last group to join Italian unification. |
| Vatican City | Portion of Rome still controlled by Catholic Church today |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prussian foreign minister who led Germany's unification movement |
| Realpolitik | philosophy based around doing whatever it takes to make your country more powerful, without regard to morals |
| Franco-Prussian War | War that completed German unification by bringing in S. German states in a conflict against France |
| German confederation | loose combination of 39 German kingdoms, that was dominated by Austria and Prussia |
| Britain | country who avoided revolution by granting more democratic reforms to its people |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's published criticism of the Catholic Church |
| Protestant | the term given to the group of Christians who protested and broke away from the Catholic Church |
| Usury | making of loans with interest, it was forbidden by the Catholic Church |
| Indulgences | sold by the church as penance for sins, people thought they could buy their way into heaven |
| Johan Tetzel | Catholic priest in Germany notorious for selling indulgences |
| Martin Luther | German reformer, who broke with the Catholic Church beginning the reformation |
| Excommunicate | to be expelled from the church |
| Predestination | Religious theory of John Calvin that claimed that God determined at birth whether some one would achieve salvation or not |
| Theocracy | a government where religious leaders are in control |
| John Calvin | French Reformation leader who founded the theory of Predestination and established a strict theocracy in Switzerland |
| Heny VIII | English King who brought the reformation to England by dismissing the Pope's authority |
| Anglican Church | name for the new church formed and led by Henry VIII when he broke from the Catholic Church |
| Hapsburg Family | powerful ruling family in Europe who were strong supporters of the catholic church |
| The Thirty Years' War | Conflict in Europe that began in Germany and was fought between German Protestant and Catholic nobles |
| Elizabeth I | Daughter of Henry VIII, English queen who re-established the Anglican Church in England and led England through the reformation |
| Huguenots | name given to Protestants in France |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by King Henry IV of France to give the Huguenots religious freedom |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French leader who revoked the Edict of Nantes and joined the Protestant side in the 30 years' war |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | series of reforms made by the Catholic Church to try to gain/keep followers |
| Jesuits (society of Jesus) | Catholic goup of priests who taught and spread Catholicism throughout the world |
| Council of Trent | meeting of Catholic leaders to attempt to reform Catholic Doctrine |
| Inquisition | established by the Catholic Church to enforce their doctrine |
| Ignatius | founder of the Society of Jesus |
| Simony | the selling of church position |
| St. Bartholomew's day massacre | major episode of violence against Huguenots in France |
| John Wycliffe | English reformer who came before Martin Luther known for translating the Bible into English |
| Jan Huss | Refomrer prior to Luther who criticized the Catholic church and was burned at the stake for his religious beliefs. |
| Johannes Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Printing Press | new invention that helped increase literacy and spread ideas |
| Spanish armada | massive fleet of ships sent to try to force Catholic beliefs on England. It was defeated in 1588 allowing England to remain protestant and continue to grow in power. |
| Islam | monotheistic religion closely connected to Judaism and Christianity that believes Muhammad is Allah's (God's) most important prophet. It is based in the Middle East but has spread to N. Africa and parts of Asia |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god |
| Torah | The holy book of Judaism, it makes up the first 5 books of the old testament |
| Judaism | the original monotheistic religion, it is the foundation for both Christianity and Islam. |
| Israel | area where judaism first developed it would become holy land for Christianity and Islam also |
| Koran | the holy book of Islam |
| Muhammad | according to Islam h is god's most important prophet and the founder of Islam |
| The 5 pillars of Islam | the basic duties of every follower of Islam. |
| Buddhism | religion/philosophy that began in India and spread to Asia and SE Asia. |
| Nirvana | the state of enlightenment (or state of no desires) that is the goal for Buddhists to reach |
| Siddhartha Guatama | aka The Buddha, he is the philosopher who founded Buddhism |
| Hinduism | Indian religion based on ending a cycle of re-birth and re-uniting with the universal spirit |
| Renaissance | literally it means "re-birth," and refers to the time period in which people started to re-focus on classical Greek and Roman ideas, and also began focusing heavily on art and education |
| The Medici | The ruling family of Florence they were some of the greatest patrons of the renaissance era. |
| Michelangelo Bounarroti | great renaissance artist who sculpted "the David" and painted the vault of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | great renaissance man whose artistic achievements include the "Mona Lisa" and "the last supper." |
| Humanism | renaissance philosophy that focused on the individual worth of humans, and believed that people should expect some earthly comforts. |
| Christianity | religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus, closely related to Judaism |
| New Testament | holy book for Christians that details the teacings of Jesus. |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of ideas from one place to another |
| Erasmus | author of the "Praise of Folly" a humanist work tht criticized the church |
| Shakespeare | English renaissance writer, famous for his plays and sonnets |
| Sonnets | 14 line poems developed by Petrarch that were popular during the renaissance |
| Essay | short writings were he author specifically states his point of view |
| Silk roads | series of trade routes between Asia and the Mediterranean Basin |
| Monsoon | seasonal winds in the Indian Ocean that impacted trade in that area |
| Marco Polo | Trader from Venice believed to have traveled to China and recorded his journey |
 | Silk road map |
 | Trans-saharan trade route map |
 | Michelangelo's "DAVID" |
 | Da Vinci's "MONA LISA" |
 | Mughal India Map |
 | Ottoman Empire Map |
 | Da Vinci's "LAST SUPPER" |
