| A | B |
|---|
| Communism | economic theory practiced by the USSR during the Cold War. It relies on a government controlled economy |
| Capitalism | Economic theory practiced by the USA during the cold war. It relies on private enterprise. |
| Yalta conference | Meeting of FDR, Churchill, and Stalin to discuss post war Europe. It displayed differences in plans/ideas of the USSR and the West |
| Truman Doctrine | official statement f the policy of containment |
| Deterrence | showing strength to deter or prevent an enemy from atacking |
| H-Bomb | new more powerful nuclear weapon developed by both the US and USSR |
| Iron Curtain | term coined by Churchill for the communist countries in E. Europe indirectly controlled by the USSR |
| NATO | Allies of the USA in the cold war. Mainly included W. Europe and Canada |
| Warsaw Pact | allies of the USSR in the cold war. Mainly included Iron Curtain countries |
| Taiwan | Island off of the coast of China that the nationalists fled to after the Chinese Civil War |
| Chinese Civil War | 1946-1949 conflict between communists and nationalists for control of China. The communists controlled the mainland while the Nationalists controlled Taiwan. |
| Indochina | French colony in SE Asia containing Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | conflict between the USA and USSR over soviet missiles placed in Cuba |
| Korean War | Cold War conflict between communist N. Korea and non-commmunist S. Korea |
| DMZ | border that divides N. Korea and S. Korea today |
| Vietnam War | conflict between communist N. Vietnam and non communist US supported S. Vietnam. |
| Viet Cong | the communists in S. Vietnam that resisted the government and US forces |
| Berlin Airlift | US decision to airlift supplies to Soviet blockaded W. Berlin |
| Berlin Wall | Barrier built by the communists that prevented communist E. Berliners from entering capitalist W. Berlin. |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's law code, it restricted rights of women |
| Congress of Vienna | 1814-1815 meeting of Europe's leaders after Napoleon's defeat, It restored Europe's monarchies. |
| Nation | a group of people who share common characteristics (language, religion, ethnicity etc) |
| State | term for a Government and its political boundaries |
| Nation-State | A state that consists of people mainly from the same nation |
| "Balance of Power" doctrine | idea that Countries should be relatively close in power,in order to maintain peace |
| Conservatism | political theory that relies mainly on past traditions. in the 1800s conservatives would tend to favor monarchies. |
| Liberalism | political philosophy based on making changes that allow more personal freedoms and a larger role in the government. In 1800s, tended to favor parliamentary governments. |
| Radicalism | extreme political philosophy that encouraged revolution in order to gain freedoms for people. |
| Revolutions of 1848 | a series of failed revolutions in Europe, that were inspired by nationalism |
| The papal states | portion of Italay controlled by the Pope. It was the last to join Italy for reunification. |
| Realpolitik | Bismarck's policy that one should do whatever it takes to achieve and maintain power raher than to think about morality |
| Franco-Prussian War | 1871 war between Prussia and France, it completed German reunification. |
| Industrial Revolution | time period (1760-1850) of increased production in Industry. |
| Enclosure Movement | the buying of common fields in order to fence them off and rent them to tenant farmers. |
| Cottage Industry | craftwork that was done in the home. It would be replaced by factory labor |
| Capitalism | economic theory based on open market competition |
| Socialism | economic theory based on government ownership of some industry |
| Communism | extreme version of socialism where the state controls all industry |
| "Laissez-Faire" | French term "Leave alone" it suggests the government should not regulate the economy |
| Proletariat | Marxist term for the working class |
| Bourgeoisie | term for the factory owning middle class |
| Labor Unions | united groups of workers from the same trade. They developed to try to gain more rights for workers. |
| Collective Bargaining | negotiations between unions and management |
| Suffrage | the right to vote, this was extended to more groups during the industrial revolution |
| Absolutism | government where power is held by one person or a small group |
| divine right | belief that a king's authority comes from god |
| czar | title taken by russian leaders, starting with Ivan III |
| boyar | wealthy nobles in Russia |
| serf | people who were forced to work on boyar's land (similar to slavey) |
| St. Petersburg | Russian city fouunded by Peter the Great as a "window to the west" |
| Versailles | palace built by Louis XIV as a symbol of imperial power |
| Parliament | a legislative group. In England it represented the people's voice in government |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215, it was the 1st limit on a king's power in England. It later led to more rights for Englishmen |
| Common law | law based on tradition, English common law made laws equal throughout England |
| The Restoration | time period where Charles II was given the throne in England following the harsh rule of Oliver Cromwell |
| The Glorious Revolution | term used to refer to William and Mary's ascension to the English throne |
| English Bill of Rights | 1689 parliamntary law that placed more limits on the power of the English monarch |
| English Civil War | war fought between the supporters of Parliament (Cromwell) and the supporters of the king (Charles I) |
| Mughal empire | centered in India it was descended from the Mongols |
| Ottoman Empire | empire centered in Asia Minor and united by Islamic faith |
| Shogun | military leader in Japan who held all real political power |
| Japan's emperor | powerless leader in Japan who was worshipped by the people |
| Taj Mahal | greatest example of Mughal architecture |
| Foreign Enclaves | areas in China that foreign trade was restricted to. |
| Astrolabe | Navigation device originally developed by the Greeks and later perfected by Muslims, it told measured degrees away from the equator |
| Caravel | a sturdier ship used for navigation |
| Cartographer | someone who makes maps |
| circumnavigate | to sail around the Earth |
| Conquistador | term give to the Spanish conquerers of the Americas |
| Privateer | a legal pirate who would steal the cargo of spanish ships |
| Middle Passage | the long difficult journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas |
| Leif Erikson | viking explorer who was the first European to explore N. America |
| Line of Demarcation (treaty of Tordesillas) | divided the undiscovered world between Portugl and Spain |
| Francis Drake | English explorer who circumnavigated the globe |
| Columbian exchange | exchange of products and technologies from one hemisphere to another that resulted from the discovery of the new world |
| Triangular trade route | three step trade route between Europe, W. Africa, and the Americas |
| Colony | overseas land established to help its parent/mother country |
| Mestizo | someone of a mixture of Native and European blood |
| smallpox | deadly disease that devastated the native population in the Americas |
| Mercantilism | economic theory that a country's power is based on its wealth |
| Commercial Revolution | Cheange in economic practices from 1500 to 1700 |
| exports | goods sold to another country |
| imports | goods bought from another country |
| balance of trade | # of imports v. # of exports |
| Industrial Revolution | 1750-1860 dramatic inrease in manufactured goods |
| Capitalism | economic theory based on open competition and free enterprise |
| Socialism | government owns some aspects of the economy and rules in the interes of the people |
| Communism | extreme socialism, the government owns all aspects of industry |
| "Laissez-Faire" | "leave alone" idea that the government should not get involved in the economy |
| Cottage industries | work done in the home |
| enclosure movement | practice of converting common land to private fields |
| Labor Unions | organization that spoke for members of same trade/job |
| Collective bargaining | negotiations between labor unions and management for wages and conditions |
| suffrage | right to vote |
| proletariat | working class |
| bourgeosie | factory owners |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French general who became emperor of France and tried to conquer all of Europe |
| Continental System | Napoleon's plan to blockade England's Trade |
| Peninsula Wars | guerrilla wars fought between France and Spain over France's attempt to rule spain |
| Russian Invasion | Napoleon's disastrous military campaign that resulted in his defeat and intitial exile |
| Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's law code and lasting contribution to European Politics |
| Waterloo | site of Napoleon's final defeat |
| Congress of Vienna | meeting held by Europe's leaders after the defeat of Napoleon to try to restore Europe's borders to they way they were before. |
| Balance of Power | policy favored at the Congress of Vienna, based around having empires of similar power in order to preserve peace |
| 1848 revolutions | revolutions across Europe fueled by nationalism that failed to produce any actual democratic reforms |
| Conservatism | political ideology based around relying on past traditions, favored by nobility |
| Liberalism | political philosophy based around giving commoners more political rights and supporting democracy. Favored by middle class merchants |
| Radicalism | exreme political philosophy based around expanding democracy and redistributing wealth. Favored by the peasants and poorer classes |
| Nation | a group of people unitied by common characteristic (language, religion, etc) |
| Nation-State | A country that contains mainly people from the same nation |
| Nationalism | pride in one's people or land, to the extent where you feel it is superior to others |
| Papal States | portion of Italy controlled by the pope. This was the last group to join Italian unification. |
| Vatican City | Portion of Rome still controlled by Catholic Church today |
| Realpolitik | philosophy based around doing whatever it takes to make your country more powerful, without regard to morals |
| Franco-Prussian War | War that completed German unification by bringing in S. German states in a conflict against France |
| German confederation | loose combination of 39 German kingdoms, that was dominated by Austria and Prussia |
| Britain | country who avoided revolution by granting more democratic reforms to its people |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's published criticism of the Catholic Church |
| Protestant | the term given to the group of Christians who protested and broke away from the Catholic Church |
| Usury | making of loans with interest, it was forbidden by the Catholic Church |
| Indulgences | sold by the church as penance for sins, people thought they could buy their way into heaven |
| Excommunicate | to be expelled from the church |
| Predestination | Religious theory of John Calvin that claimed that God determined at birth whether some one would achieve salvation or not |
| Theocracy | a government where religious leaders are in control |
| Anglican Church | name for the new church formed and led by Henry VIII when he broke from the Catholic Church |
| Hapsburg Family | powerful ruling family in Europe who were strong supporters of the catholic church |
| The Thirty Years' War | Conflict in Europe that began in Germany and was fought between German Protestant and Catholic nobles |
| Capitalism | Economic system based on businesses and individuals competing for profits. It was a rising economic system under Elizabeth. |
| Huguenots | name given to Protestants in France |
| Edict of Nantes | issued by King Henry IV of France to give the Huguenots religious freedom |
| Joint Stock Company | new type of company in England where investors bought shares of a company and recieved shares of the profit |
| Catholic Counter Reformation | series of reforms made by the Catholic Church to try to gain/keep followers |
| Jesuits (society of Jesus) | Catholic goup of priests who taught and spread Catholicism throughout the world |
| Inquisition | established by the Catholic Church to enforce their doctrine |
| Islam | monotheistic religion closely connected to Judaism and Christianity that believes Muhammad is Allah's (God's) most important prophet. It is based in the Middle East but has spread to N. Africa and parts of Asia |
| Monotheism | Belief in one god |
| Torah | The holy book of Judaism, it makes up the first 5 books of the old testament |
| Judaism | the original monotheistic religion, it is the foundation for both Christianity and Islam. |
| Israel | area where judaism first developed it would become holy land for Christianity and Islam also |
| Koran | the holy book of Islam |
| The 5 pillars of Islam | the basic duties of every follower of Islam. |
| Buddhism | religion/philosophy that began in India and spread to Asia and SE Asia. |
| Nirvana | the state of enlightenment (or state of no desires) that is the goal for Buddhists to reach |
| Hinduism | Indian religion based on ending a cycle of re-birth and re-uniting with the universal spirit |
| Vedas and Upanishads | the sacred texts of Hinduism |
| Renaissance | literally it means "re-birth," and refers to the time period in which people started to re-focus on classical Greek and Roman ideas, and also began focusing heavily on art and education |
| Patron | people from the Renaissance who sponsored or paid for Art or education. |
| The Medici | The ruling family of Florence they were some of the greatest patrons of the renaissance era. |
| Secular | separate from the church. |
| Humanism | renaissance philosophy that focused on the individual worth of humans, and believed that people should expect some earthly comforts. |
| Christianity | religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus, closely related to Judaism |
| New Testament | holy book for Christians that details the teacings of Jesus. |
| Cultural Diffusion | the spread of ideas from one place to another |
| Northern Renaissance | term given to the renaissance era ideas that developed in N. Europe. |
| The Movable Type Printing Press | developed by Johanes Gutenberg, it helped spread renaissance ideas |
| Sonnets | 14 line poems developed by Petrarch that were popular during the renaissance |
| Essay | short writings were he author specifically states his point of view |
| Silk roads | series of trade routes between Asia and the Mediterranean Basin |
| Imperialism | policy of conquering and ruling other lands for the enefit of a mother country |
| Colony | a land settled and ruled by a foreign government to benefit the mother country |
| Protectorate | a countr that has its government controlled by a foreign country |
| Sphere of Influence | a land that is dominated by, but not directly controlled by a foreign government |
| Suez Canal | waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Sea. It was very important to European powers such as Britain |
| East India Company | British Company that dominated India from 1750 to 1850 |
| Sepoy Rebellion | Rebellion against British East India Company led by Indian Soldiers who had previously fought for the British |
| Opium Wars | conflict between Britain and China over Britain's refusal to stop selling Opium in China. |
| Treaty of Nanking | unfair treaty Bitain forced China to sign after the opium wars, giving them more power in China |
| Boxer Rebellion | uprising of Chinese Peasants designed to rid China of foreigners. It failed, resulting in a larger european presence in China. |
| Meiji Period | time period where Japan ended its policy of isolationism and became industrialized and modern |
| Russo-Japanese War | war betweem Russia and Japan that established Japan as a world power |
| Triple Alliance | pre-WWI alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
| Triple Entente | pre WWI alliance between France, Russia, and Britain |
| Militarism | policy of glorifying Military power |
| Central powers | Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire during WWI |
| Allied Powers | France, Russia, and Britain during WWI |
| U-boats | German submarine |
| Armistice | a cease fire |
| Woodrow Wilson | American President who led America into WWI and developed a peace plan for the war's settlement |
| 14 points | Wilson's plan for peace after WWI |
| The Treaty of Versailles | Main peace treaty following WWI, it failed to establish a long lasting peace |
| Self-Determination | idea that people should decide for themselves how they should be ruled |
| Mandates | territorial possessions that were given to the Allied countries to be ruled until the people that lived in them could rule themselves |
| League of Nations | international organization established adter WWI to try to resolve conflicts |
| Treaty of Versailles | Peace settlement ending WWI, it was harsh on Germany and had many lasting effects on Europe, many leading to conflict |
| Bolsheviks | the communist supporters of Lenin |
| Red Army | Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War |
| White Armies | armies that opposed the Bolsheviks during the russian civil war |
| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, it was the new name given to Russia after the Bolshevik revolution |
| New Economic Policy | Lenin's policy that introduced some aspects of capitalism into communist Russia |
| League of Nations | international organization estabished by the Treaty of Versailles to try and prevent conflict |
| Mandate System | system of ruling territory by the League of Nations until the territory was fit for independence |
| Collective Security | idea of L of N to work together as one to preserve peace |
| appeasement | making concessions in order to prevent conflict |
| Great Depression | Horrible Economic Slump that began in USA and spread to all industrialized countries |
| Tariffs | taxes on imported goods, used to protect a country' industry |
| Black Tuesday | low point where NYSE market crashed |
| Fascist Party | nationalist party started by Mussolini in Italy |
| Propaganda | advertisements made by the government to make people think a certain way |
| Nazi Party | fascist party in Germany led by Hitler. |
| Anti-Semitism | extreme hatred of Jews |
| Kristallnacht | "Night of Breaking Glass" date when Nazis destroyed Jewis shops and synagoguesh |
| Nuremberg laws | official laws that restricted Jewish rights |
| Great Purge | Stalin's efforts to eliminate all suspected opponents in USSR |
| 5 year Plans | targets for induustrial and agricultural production set by Stalin to try and catch up to western countries |
| Muslim League | nationalist organization created for Muslims in India |
| Indian National Congress | nationalist group formed in 1880s to help gain more freedoms for India's people |
| British East India Company | joint stock company responsible for helping Britain colonize India |
| Partition of India | decision by Britain to divide Indian territory into 5 independent countries due to differences in religion and ethnicity |
| Sri Lanka | island country formally called Ceylon and created in Partition of India |
| Pakistan | mainly Muslim country created after the partition of India |
| Bangladesh | Formerly East Pakistan, it won its independence from W. Pakistan with help from India |
| Hinduism | the primary religion in India |
| Islam | the primary religion in Pakistan and Bangladesh after the partition of India |
| Civil Disobedience | refusing to obey unjust laws as a form of protest |
| Kashmir | disputed territory between India and Pakistan that still leads to tension between the two countries |
| UN charter | document that created the United Nations and urged for self determination to be granted to the people of the world |
| Self determination | the idea that people should be able to choose for themselves how they are ruled |
| Apartheid | policy of legal separation in South Africa to discriinate against the black africans |
| African National Congress | political party in S. Africa created to end apartheid, it was banned for many years by S. Africa's government |
| Kenya | won its independence from Britain after a violent struggle |
| Algeria | won its independence from France after a long and bloody civil war |
| Ghana | had a relativeply peaceful tranistion to independence from Britain |
| Developed Countries | countries with large middle classes, high literacy rates, low population growth, and modern infrastructures |
| Developing countries | countries with large gaps in wealth, poor health care, low literacy rates, and lack modern conveniences |
| Deforestation | environemental problem facing development countries as they clear forest land for arge scale farming |
| Guest Workers | immigrants who migrate to developed countries often to perform low paying jobs, causing friction and tension in those countries |
| Middle East | area of the world that features a conflict between Muslim Arabs and Jewish Israelis |
| Balkans | Area of the world featuring conflict between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian muslims |
| "Asian Tigers" | term given to asian capitalist economies that have seen their |
| Appeasement | policy of making concessions to preserve peace it was an indirect cause of WWII |
| Munich Conference | 1938 meeting to discuss Hitler's claims to the Sudetenland |
| Blitzkreg | "lightning war" quick strike tactics used by German military |
| Nazi-Soviet non aggression Pact | agreement between Germany and USSR not to attack each other for 10 years. Quickly broken by Hitler. |
| Maginot line | elaborate French defenses along the border with Germany |
| Allied Powers | France, UK, USA, USSR |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Hiroshima | 1st Japanese city attacked with Atomic weapons by USA |
| War crimes trials | trials held after WWII for Nazi and Japanese leaders. Convicted and execued Tojo. |
| Nagasaki | 2nd city attacked by USA with Atom bomb |
| Genocide | systematic and purposeful destruction of an entire group of people |
| Final solution | Hitler's plan to elminate all of the Jews in Europe |
| Berlin | German capital, it was divided into different zones by the allies after WWII |
| Iron Curtain | term given by Winston Churchill to the e. europe countries under the influence of Stalin |
| Marshall Plan | US aid package to Europe after WWII |
| United Nations | new international peacekeeping organization created ater WWII. |
| Battle of Britain | 6 month air battle between Germany and Britain where Germany failed to defeat Britain with bombing runs |
| Battle of Stalingrad | USSR v. Germany, USSR held the city of Stalingrad and then went on the offensive against Nazi Germany |
| Pearl Harbor | US Naval base in Hawaii, attacked by the Japanese in an attempt to cripple the US navy. The attack brought the US into WWII |
| Battle of Midway | turning point in war in Pacific, US went on the offensive against Japan after this battle |
| Battle of El Alamein | Allies defeat Germans in North Africa, gaining control of the Suez canal and Middle East oil fields |
| D-Day invasion | Allied attack that began their campaign to free France from Nazi control. |
